SIHA, Together with 96 Other Civil Society Organizations Urgently Appeal for a 2 Year Extension on the Mandate of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan

To Permanent Representatives of Member and Observer States of the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council (Geneva, Switzerland)

14 August 2025

Sudan: Extend the mandate of the Fact-Finding Mission for two more years

Your Excellencies,

Ahead of the UN Human Rights Council’s 60th session (8 Sep­tem­ber-8 October 2025), we, the un­der­si­gned civil society orga­ni­sa­tions, write to urge your delegation to support a mandate extension for the Inde­pen­dent International Fact-Fin­ding Mission (FFM) for the Sudan.

In light of the serious violations of international law committed by all parties to the conflict, inclu­ding alarming rates of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) against women and girls, and of the on­­going need to collect and preserve evidence and identify those responsible with a view to en­su­ring that they are held accountable, the next Council resolution on Sudan should extend the FFM’s man­­date for at least two years. It should also re­quest the FFM to regu­larly re­port to the Council in the framework of public debates on Sudan’s human rights situation.

By adopting resolution 57/2,[1] in October 2024, the Council did not only extend the FFM’s mandate; it re­co­gnised the link between im­punity and cycles of violence in Sudan. The voting result (23 in favour, 12 against) showed broad support across all regional groups for the FFM’s work and sent a clear message in favour of ongoing inves­ti­gations and accoun­tability.

The current conflict is now in its third year. Since fighting erupted between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and their allied forces, on 15 April 2023, tens of thou­sands of civi­lians have been killed and over 13 million have been displaced, which makes Sudan the world’s largest dis­­pla­cement crisis. Over 10.7 million people (or nearly a quar­ter of Su­dan’s po­pulation) have been internally displaced, a figure that includes over two million new dis­pla­ce­ments in the first quart­er of 2025 alone.[2]

The humanitarian crisis is worsening. As of mid-June 2025, 30 million people needed lifesaving aid. According to a UN official, the health system has been “smashed to pieces, with cholera, measles and other diseases spreading,” while “hos­pi­tals and displacement camps have been attacked, critical infra­structure destroyed, and aid trucks hit, preventing them from getting food and essential supplies to those in such desperate need.”[3] With the war continuing unabated and no signs of reprieve for civilians as both parties escalate their violence, and as all sides are targeting local responders, activists, and journalists, Sudan is on the verge of collapse,[4] with catastrophic consequences for the protection of civilians.

Twenty-eight months after the start of the conflict, parties continue to show utter disregard for inter­national humani­tarian law, international human rights law, and their commitments under the Jeddah Dec­la­ration of Com­mit­ment to Protect the Ci­vilians of Sudan. Violations they are responsible for, some of which may amount to crimes under in­ter­national law, include targeted and indiscriminate attacks against civi­lians and civilian objects, ar­bitrary detention, torture, enforced disappearances,[5] extrajudicial exe­cu­tions and other unlaw­ful killings, wide­spread sexual violence against women and girls, and ethnically moti­va­ted attacks, inclu­ding in Darfur, by RSF and allied Arab militias, against Masalit and other non-Arab communities.[6]

SGBV is being committed systematically against the bodies of women and girls. Because deliberate obs­truc­tions to humanitarian assistance as well as armed attacks on medical objects and personnel causes constraints in the provision of key health services and psychosocial support, survivors of sexual vio­lence are unable to receive the care they need. Numerous victims of gang rape have died as a result of their injuries or by suicide.[7]

In its oral update to the Council, in June 2025, the FFM described a “brutal, multifaceted and increasingly complex conflict” whose shifting dynamics include revenge killings and reprisals. It added that “[w]hat began as a political and security crisis has become a grave human rights and protection em­er­gency, mar­ked by international crimes, that stain all involved.” It stressed that “[i]t is unconscionable that this de­vastating war is entering its third year with no sign of resolution.”

The FFM called on the in­ter­­na­tional com­munity to implement an arms embargo and ensure those res­ponsible for serious vio­la­tions are held ac­countable. Stressing that it had documented an “increased use of heavy weaponry in populated areas and a sharp rise in sexual and gender-based vio­lence,” it said hu­ma­nitarian relief was being “wea­po­nized” and hospitals and medical facilities were “under siege.” The FFM also made clear that “[t]he scale of hu­man suffering continue[d] to deepen.”[8]

Nowhere is safe, and civilians bear the brunt of the conflict. They continue to be targeted for killings, through direct and indiscriminate attacks, artillery shelling and air­stri­kes,[9] sexual violence, abductions and looting. Women and girls have been facing “esca­la­ting risks of gang rape, sexual slavery, trafficking, and forced marriage, parti­cu­larly in Al Gezira, [Sennar], Darfur, and South Kordofan.”[10]

Attacks against civi­lians have been reported in, among others, displacement camps and markets in Khar­toum, Omdurman, Darfur, South Kordofan, and North Kordofan.[11]

Recent months have witnessed an increase in the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), including ag­ainst humanitarian convoys and civilian infrastructure.[12] A rise in extrajudicial exe­cutions of civilians has also been reported in North Darfur and Khartoum State, including as part of retaliatory attacks against people accused of having “collaborated” with parties to the conflict.[13]

Against this backdrop, and despite ongoing challenges related to the UN’s liquidity crisis and Sudanese authorities’ continued refusal to allow its members and secretariat access to the country, the FFM has been able to carry out its work. It has continued to conduct interviews with sources, receive submissions, verify videos, geolocate attacks, and compile dossiers identifying possible perpetrators. It has carried out investigative missions to neighbouring countries and engaged in consultations with African Union (AU) offi­cials[14] and civil society. It has also initiated cooperation with relevant judicial entities[15] and is man­dated to “cooperate and share best practice with other international, regional and domestic accountability initiatives, as and when these are established, as appropriate.”[16]

The FFM remains a critical international mechanism with the mandate, resources, expertise and expe­ri­ence to in­dependently investigate and report on violations committed throughout Sudan, and that prio­ri­tises accountability. The FFM’s ex­per­tise includes the ability to use methodologies, tools, and methods of work to document, investigate and establish the facts, circum­stances and root causes of violations, collect and preserve evidence, and identify perpetrators even with­out access to Sudan’s territory. The (SAF-aligned) Sudanese authorities’ refusal to cooperate with the FFM, despite Sudan’s commitment as a Human Rights Council Member and pursuant to UN General Assembly reso­lu­tion 60/251 to “uphold the highest standards in the promotion and protection of human rights” and “fully cooperate with the Council,” does not and will not prevent the FFM from fulfilling its mandate.[17]

~     ~     ~

As the FFM highlighted in its June 2025 update: “One message emerged with resounding clarity: peace without justice is an illusion. Accountability is not a luxury; it is a prerequisite for a sustai­nable peace in Sudan as its very absence is amongst the key root causes of conflict. The preparations for justice should therefore begin now, and any peace agreement must address issues of justice.”

Investigations and public reporting remain indispensable, with a continued strong focus on inves­ti­­gating the current atrocities, including crimes of SGBV perpetrated against the Sudanese people, par­ti­cularly women and girls, by the warring parties.

As Sudan’s conflict is ongoing and egre­gious violations con­ti­nue to be committed by all parties to the conflict, with further needs for col­lection and preservation of evidence and identification of per­petrators, there is no other option for the Council but to extend the FFM’s mandate. 

At its upcoming 60th session, the Human Rights Council should therefore:

  • Extend the mandate of the FFM, in full, for two years;
  • Request the FFM to provide the Human Rights Council with oral updates on its work at its 62nd and 65th sessions, to be followed by enhanced interactive dialogues that should include the participation of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, representatives of the Afri­can Union, the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide, ci­vil society, victims and survivors and other relevant stakeholders, and com­pre­hensive reports at its 63rd and 66th sessions, to be followed by interactive dialogues, and to present the reports to the General Assembly at its 81st and 82nd sessions;
  • Recommend that the General Assembly submit the reports of the FFM to the Security Coun­­cil for its consideration and appropriate action in order that those responsible for human rights violations, including those that may amount to crimes under international law, are held to account, including through the expansion of the International Criminal Court’s ju­ris­diction to cover the entire territory of Sudan and consideration of the scope for effective and targeted measures, including against those who appear to be most respon­sible for these crimes, taking into account the relevant conclusions and recommendations of the FFM;
  • Call upon all parties concerned, including United Nations bodies, to consider implementa­tion of the recommendations made by the FFM in its reports in order to address the dire situation of human rights in Sudan;
  • Invite the FFM to consider ways of briefing all relevant United Nations bodies, including the Security Council; and
  • Make clear that the Human Rights Council will remain actively seized of the matter, including by assessing the situation in Sudan and appropriate responses, which could include further ex­ten­sions of the FFM’s mandate.

A two-year extension for the FFM’s mandate does not mean that the HRC should remain silent about Sudan for two years. Notwithstanding the proposed mandate extension, with associated reporting re­qui­rements, until the Council’s 66th ses­sion (September 2027), the Council should adopt a resolu­tion on Su­dan at its 63rd session (September 2026), taking stock of developments and following up on its action on the country to date. This should be a proactive initiative aimed at bringing violations and impu­nity to an end and advancing human rights and accountability in Sudan.

Furthermore, we urge the Council to follow up on resolutions S-32/1, 50/1, S-36/1, 54/2, and 57/2 by requesting additional reporting by the High Commissioner, with the assistance of his designated Expert, be­yond the Council’s 61st session (February-April 2026).[18] The Council should:

  • Request the High Commissioner, with the assistance of the Expert on human rights in the Sudan, to submit to the Human Rights Council at its 64th and 67th sessions comprehensive re­ports on the situation of human rights in the Sudan and on violations and abuses com­mit­ted by all parties to the conflict, to be followed by interactive dialogues with the par­ticipation of the High Commissioner and the Expert.

Finally, we urge States to pay their contributions to the UN in full and on time to mitigate the li­­qui­dity crisis and allow the FFM for Sudan, other independent investigations, and human rights bodies and mechanisms to fulfil their respective mandates, including by delivering outcomes and reports requested by intergovernmental bodies such as the Human Rights Council.

We thank you for your attention to these pressing issues and stand ready to provide your delegation with further information as required.

Sincerely,

  1. Act for Sudan
  2. Adeela for Culture And Art
  3. Advocacy Network for Africa
  4. African Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies (ACDHRS)
  5. African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS)
  6. AfricanDefenders (Pan-African Human Rights Defenders Network)
  7. Africans for the Horn of Africa (Af4HA)
  8. Afri-Sud Monitors for Human Rights Violations
  9. Alalg Center for Press Services
  10. Al-Jazeera Observatory for Human Rights (JOHR)
  11. Alliance for Peacebuilding
  12. American Friends Service Committee
  13. Amnesty International
  14. Anaka Women’s Collective for Refugees and Asylum Seekers
  15. ARTICLE 19 (A19)
  16. Atrocities Watch Africa (AWA)
  17. AWAFY Sudanese Organization
  18. Burkinabè Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CBDDH)
  19. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS)
  20. Central Minnesota Community Empowerment Organization
  21. CIVICUS
  22. Coalition for Genocide Response
  23. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)
  24. Community Development for Progress Organization
  25. Connection e.V.
  26. Consortium of Ethiopian Human Rights Organizations (CEHRO Ethiopia)
  27. CSW (Christian Solidarity Worldwide)
  28. Darfur Bar Association
  29. Darfuri Civil Society Bloc (Kamad)
  30. Darfur Victims Support Organization (DVSO)
  31. Darfur Women Action Group (DWAG)
  32. Darfur Women HRDs Coalition
  33. DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project)
  34. Democratic Alliance of Lawyers – Sudan
  35. Democratic Monitor for Transparency and Rights
  36. Democratic Thought Project (DTP)
  37. Doctors Against Genocide
  38. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR)
  39. Emgage Action
  40. Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace, and Security (GIWPS)
  41. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (GCR2P)
  42. Hawai’i Institute for Human Rights
  43. Hraak to Change and Empower Youth
  44. Human Rights Watch
  45. Institute for Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention (I-GMAP), Binghamton University
  46. International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI)
  47. International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)
  48. International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
  49. International Peace Bureau (IPB)
  50. International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
  51. Journalists for Human Rights (JHR) – Sudan
  52. Journal of Social Encounters
  53. Justiça Global
  54. Lawyers for Justice – Sudan
  55. Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada
  56. Mouvement contre le Racisme et pour l’Amitié entre les Peuples (MRAP)
  57. National Network for Social Justice – Sudan
  58. Network of Human Rights Defenders of Guinea-Bissau (Rede dos Defensores dos Direitos Humanos da Guiné-Bissau)
  59. Network of the Independent Commission for Human Rights in North Africa (CIDH Africa)
  60. New Lines Institute
  61. New Sudanese Women Union
  62. No Business With Genocide
  63. NoirUnited International
  64. PAEMA
  65. Pax Christi International
  66. Pax Christi New York State
  67. PAX Netherlands
  68. Peace Action
  69. Peace and Development Foundation-Africa (PDF-Africa)
  70. PEN International
  71. Physicians for Human Rights (PHR)
  72. Protection International Africa
  73. Proximity 2 Humanity
  74. Public-Private Integrity (PPI) – The Gambia
  75. Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights
  76. REDRESS
  77. Regional Centre for Training and Development of Civil Society (RCDCS) – Sudan
  78. Rencontre Africaine pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme (RADDHO)
  79. Rights for Peace
  80. Rights Realization Centre (مركز تفعيل الحقوق)
  81. Salam Media Organisation
  82. She Leads Movement
  83. Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) Network
  84. Sudanese Feminist Platform for Peace and Justice (SFPPJ)
  85. Sudanese Organization for Justice and Human Rights
  86. Sudan Human Rights Defenders Coalition (SudanDefenders)
  87. Sudan Human Rights Hub (SHRH)
  88. Sudan Rights Watch Network
  89. Sudan Knowledge Centre
  90. Sudan Transparency and Policy Tracker
  91. Sudan Unlimited
  92. Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy (TIMEP)
  93. Voice of Victims News Paper
  94. World Council of Churches
  95. World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)
  96. Youth Citizens Observers Network (YCON Sudan)

_______________________________

[1] Available at: https://docs.un.org/A/HRC/RES/57/2. The scope of the FFM’s mandate, as well as its reports, press relea­ses and statements, are available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffm-sudan/index

[2] “Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civilians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” 17 June 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/06/sudan-war-intensifying-devastating-consequences-civilians-un-fact-finding; “UN experts demand international action as human rights violations escalate in Sudan’s displacement camps,” 8 May 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/un-experts-demand-international-action-human-rights-violations-escalate (accessed on 10 July 2025). In July 2025, the conflict has further escalated, which resulted in dozens of civilian casualties (see “UN rights chief condemns recent killing of scores of civilians in Sudan,” 17 July 2025, https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/07/1165420).

[3] “A call to action for protection and accountability for the people of Sudan – Statement by Tom Fletcher, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, 12 June 2025,” available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/call-action-protection-and-accountability-people-sudan-statement-tom-fletcher-under-secretary-general-humanitarian-affairs-and-emergency-relief-coordinator-12-june-2025 (accessed on 9 July 2025).

[4] See Alex de Waal, “Sudan in danger of self-destructing as conflict and famine reign,” BBC, 17 June 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg717385nj7o (accessed on 9 July 2025).

[5] Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) Network, “Unseen and Unheard: The Plight of Missing Women and Girls Amidst Sudan’s Crisis,” https://sihanet.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Missing-Women-and-Girls-Amidst-Sudans-Crisis.pdf (accessed on 23 July 2025).

[6] In its first report to the Council, presented in September 2024, the FFM found that both the SAF and the RSF were res­pon­sible for “patterns of large-scale violations,” including war crimes, and that it had “reasonable grounds to believe” that, in addition, “acts committed by the RSF and its allied militias [amounted to] crimes against humanity” (“Sudan: UN Fact-Finding Mission outlines extensive human rights violations, international crimes, urges protection of civilians,” 6 September 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/09/sudan-un-fact-finding-mission-outlines-extensive-human-rights-violations (accessed on 9 July 2025).

See also civil society letters and documents, including DefendDefenders et al., “Sudan: the Human Rights Council should establish an independent mechanism,” 1 September 2023, https://defenddefenders.org/sudan-hrc-should-establish-mechanism/; DefendDefenders et al., “Sudan: Extend the Fact-Finding Mission’s mandate,” 17 May 2024, https://defenddefenders.org/sudan-extend-ffm-mandate/; Amnesty International, DefendDefenders and Human Rights Watch, “Q&A: Why should the mandate of the Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) for Sudan be extended at HRC57?” 27 August 2024, https://defenddefenders.org/qa-extend-ffm-sudan-hrc57/ (accessed on 10 July 2025).

In a briefing to the UN Security Council, on 10 July 2025, the Deputy Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) stated that “[…] on the basis of our independent investigations, the position of our Office is clear: We have reasonable grounds to believe that war crimes and crimes against humanity have been and are continuing to be committed in Darfur” (ICC, “Statement of Deputy Prosecutor Nazhat Shameem Khan to the United Nations Security Council on the Situation in Darfur, pursuant to Resolution 1593 (2005),” https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-deputy-prosecutor-nazhat-shameem-khan-united-nations-security-council-situation (accessed on 21 July 2025)).

[7] Some women’s rights organisations have documented hundreds of cases of sexual violence against women and girls in the form of rape, gang rape, sexual slavery and forced marriage (SIHA Network, “Statement by the Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA Network) on Sudan – (no. OBS/433),” 3 May 2025, https://sihanet.org/statement-by-the-strategic-initiative-for-women-in-the-horn-of-africa-siha-network-on-sudan-no-obs-433/ (accessed on 23 July 2025) (As of 23 July 2025, SIHA had documented over 480 cases. These crimes have targeted women across all ages, from six to 68 years old, with 25.4 % of these documented cases involving children.)

[8] “Oral update by the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan at the 59th session of the Human Rights Council,” available on the HRC extranet. See also “Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civi­lians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” op. cit.

[9] Human Rights Watch, “Sudan: Armed Forces Airstrikes in South Darfur,” 4 June 2025, https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/06/04/sudan-armed-forces-airstrikes-south-darfur (accessed on 10 July 2025).

[10] “Sudan: Experts denounce systematic attacks on women and girls,” 14 May 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/sudan-experts-denounce-systematic-attacks-women-and-girls (accessed on 9 July 2025): “In some attacks, entire families have reportedly been torn apart, with women raped in front of relatives or abducted for prolonged sexual violence. ‘Sexual violence continues to be used systematically as a weapon of war in Sudan,’ [the experts] warned. The experts said that in villages such as Al Seriha, Azrag, Ruffa, and Abu Gelfa, women have taken their own lives following traumatic assaults, noting that survivors are increasingly and openly contemplating suicide as a means of escaping the ongoing horrors of the conflict. […] Victims are taken from displacement settings, markets, and shelters, amid a collapse of protection systems. […] The experts were also alarmed by continued attacks on women human rights defenders and frontline workers, who have reportedly been raped, killed, or harassed for assisting survivors or documenting abuses.”

See also Amnesty International, “Sudan: ‘They Raped All of Us’: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Sudan,” 9 April 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr54/9201/2025/en/ (accessed on 10 July 2025).

[11] “Sudan: Türk warns of catastrophic surge in violence,” 20 June 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/06/sudan-turk-warns-catastrophic-surge-violence; “Sudan: Alarm as civilians killed in attacks on mar­kets,” 13 December 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2024/12/sudan-alarm-civilians-killed-attacks-markets (accessed on 10 July 2025); “UN experts demand international action as human rights violations escalate in Sudan’s displacement camps,” op. cit.

See also UN News, “International Criminal Court: War crimes, systematic sexual violence ongoing in Darfur,” 10 July  2025, https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/07/1165367 (accessed on 21 July 2025)).

[12] “Sudan: Drone strikes must be investigated,” 4 June 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/06/sudan-drone-strikes-must-be-investigated; The Guardian, “Drone strikes hit Port Sudan airport and army base in third day of attacks,” 6 May 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/06/drone-strikes-hit-port-sudan-airport-army-base-third-day-attacks (accessed on 10 July 2025).

[13] In this regard, the FFM pointed to violations committed by both RSF and SAF, including, in areas recaptured by the SAF, such as Khartoum, Gezira, and Sennar, “widespread retaliatory violence between late 2024 and mid-2025” (“Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civilians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” op. cit.). See also “Horrors in Su­dan know no bounds, warns Türk, urging an end to the conflict,” 1 May 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/horrors-sudan-know-no-bounds-warns-turk-urging-end-conflict (accessed on 9 July 2025).

The High Commissioner also highlighted: “Our Office has also documented a disturbing rise in online hate speech and incitement to violence, with lists of individuals accused of collaborating with the RSF posted online” (“Sudan: UN Human Rights Chief appalled by widespread extrajudicial killings in Khartoum,” 3 April 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/04/sudan-un-human-rights-chief-appalled-widespread-extrajudicial-killings (accessed on 10 July 2025)).

Frequently, women who were forcibly disappeared by the RSF and found by SAF in recaptured areas have been accused of being “collaborators” with the RSF and have subsequently been detained and charged under the Sudanese Criminal Code of 1991 and the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001. Often, these women are from poorer socio-economic backgrounds and are targeted based on their ethnicity and place of residence (SIHA Network, “Statement by the Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA Network) on Sudan – (no. OBS/433),” op. cit.).

[14] In August 2024, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) adopted resolution Res.590 (LXXX) 2024, in which it decided to undertake a Joint Fact-Finding Mission with the AU Peace and Security Council. In November 2024, it adopted Res.609 (LXXXI) 2024, which renewed the Mission’s mandate for six months, requesting it to carry out its work in a hybrid format “comprising field missions and virtual investigations, depending on the resources provided [by the AU].” In May 2025, the ACHPR adopted Res.635 (LXXXIII) 2025, which extended the Mission’s mandate for an additional period of six months, “maintain[ing] the objective of carrying out a field mission in Sudan and neighboring countries.”

[15] See “Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civilians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” op. cit.; Amnesty International, DefendDefenders and Human Rights Watch, “Q&A,” op. cit.

[16] See the FFM’s mandate (https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffm-sudan/index).

In resolution 57/2 (October 2024), the Human Rights Council encouraged the FFM to “give due regard to ensuring the complementarity of its efforts with those of other actors, including independent national accountability efforts and regio­nal investigations” (operative paragraph 16).

[17] Amnesty International, DefendDefenders and Human Rights Watch, “Q&A,” op. cit. (in particular, Sections 3 and 4).

[18] Current reporting by the High Commissioner ends at the Council’s 61st session. Pursuant to operative paragraph 18 of resolution 57/2, the High Commissioner, with the assistance of his Expert on human rights in the Sudan, is requested to submit a “comprehensive report on the situation of human rights in the Sudan and on violations and abuses committed by all parties to the conflict […]” to the Council at its 61st session. (As per paragraph 17 of resolution S-32/1, “the term of of­fi­ce for the designated Expert on Human Rights in the Sudan should conclude upon the restoration of its civilian-led Government”).

14 أغسطس 2025

السودان: تمديد ولاية بعثة تقصّي الحقائق لعامين إضافيين

إلى الممثلين الدائمين للدول الأعضاء والدول المراقبة في مجلس حقوق الإنسان بالأمم المتحدة

أصحاب السعادة،

(جنيف، سويسرا) مع قرب انعقاد الجلسة الـ 60 لمجلس حقوق الإنسان بالأمم المتحدة (والمقررة في الفترة من 8 سبتمبر حتى 3 أكتوبر 2025)، نخاطبكم نحن، منظمات المجتمع المدني الموقعة أدناه، لحث بعثاتكم على دعم تمديد ولاية بعثة تقصّي الحقائق الدولية المستقلة بشأن السودان. وذلك في ظل الانتهاكات الجسيمة للقانون الدولي التي ترتكبها مختلف أطراف النزاع، والمعدلات المقلقة للعنف الجنسي والعنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي بحق النساء والفتيات، والحاجة الملحة إلى مواصلة جمع الأدلة وحفظها وتحديد الجناة لضمان محاسبتهم.

لذا، ينبغي أن يتضمّن القرار المقبل للمجلس بشأن السودان تمديدًا لولاية بعثة تقصي الحقائق لمدة لا تقل عن عامين. كما يجب أن يُطلب من البعثة تقديم تقارير منتظمة للمجلس في إطار مناقشات علنية حول حالة حقوق الإنسان في السودان.

أن القرار رقم 57/2 [1] المُعتمد في أكتوبر 2024، بتمديد ولاية البعثة أشار بوضوح للصلة المباشرة  بين الإفلات من العقاب وتكرار دوامات العنف في السودان. وقد أظهرت نتائج التصويت (23 صوتًا مؤيدًا مقابل 12 معارضًا) دعمًا واسعًا من مختلف المجموعات الإقليمية لعمل البعثة، وأرسلت رسالة واضحة لصالح مواصلة التحقيقات وضمان المساءلة.

لقد دخل النزاع في السودان عامه الثالث. وبسبب الاقتتال بين القوات المسلحة السودانية وقوات الدعم السريع والقوات المتحالفة معها منذ 15 أبريل 2023، لقي عشرات الآلاف من المدنيين مصرعهم، ونزح أكثر من 13 مليون شخص، مما جعل من السودان أكبر أزمة نزوح في العالم. هذا بالإضافة إلى تهجير أكثر من 10.7 ملايين شخص داخليًا (ربع سكان السودان تقريبًا)، بينهم أكثر من 2 مليون حالة نزوح جديدة خلال الربع الأول من عام 2025 فقط. [2]

تتفاقم الأزمة الإنسانية في السودان على نحو مفجع. ففي منتصف يونيو 2025، وصل عدد المحتاجين إلى مساعدات إنسانية لإنقاذ حياتهم إلى 30 مليون شخص. ووفقًا لمسئول أممي، فإن النظام الصحي قد تم تدميره بالكامل، وتنتشر أمراض الكوليرا والحصبة فضلاً عن أمراض أخرى. كما تعرضت المستشفيات ومخيمات النزوح للهجوم، ودُمّرت البنية التحتية الحيوية، وتعرضت شاحنات المساعدات للقصف، مما حال دون وصول الغذاء والإمدادات الأساسية إلى من هم في أمسّ الحاجة إليها. [3] وفي ظل استمرار الحرب بلا هوادة، وتصاعد عنف الطرفين، واستهداف جميع الأطراف للفاعلين المحليين والنشطاء، يقف السودان على حافة الانهيار،[4] مما ينذر بعواقب كارثية على المدنيين.

بعد مرور 28 شهرًا على بدء النزاع، ما تزال الأطراف تُظهر تجاهلًا تامًا للقانون الإنساني الدولي، والقانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان، وكافة التزامات السودان بموجب إعلان جدة بشأن حماية المدنيين. وتشمل الانتهاكات التي تتحمل هذه الأطراف مسئوليتها – وبعضها قد يصل حد جرائم الحرب بموجب القانون الدولي – هجمات متعمدة وعشوائية على المدنيين والبنية التحتية المدنية، و القتل، والاحتجاز التعسفي، والتعذيب، والإخفاء القسري،[5] والعنف الجنسي واسع النطاق بحق النساء والفتيات، وهجمات بدوافع عرقية، بما في ذلك في دارفور، من قبل قوات الدعم السريع وميليشيات عربية متحالفة ضد المجموعات غير العربية، خاصة قبيلة المساليت. [6] كما يُرتكب العنف الجنسي والجندري بشكل منهجي بحق النساء والفتيات.

ونظرًا للعوائق المتعمّدة أمام وصول المساعدات الإنسانية، والهجمات المسلحة على المنشآت الطبية والعاملين فيها، فإن تقديم الخدمات الصحية الأساسية والدعم النفسي الاجتماعي بات محدودًا، مما يحول دون تلقي الناجيات من العنف الجنسي الرعاية التي يحتجنها. وقد لقيت العديد من ضحايا الاغتصاب الجماعي حتفهن متأثرات بإصابتهن أو منتحرات. [7]

وفي تحديثها الشفهي أمام المجلس في يونيو 2025، وصفت بعثة تقصّي الحقائق الصراع بأنه “صراع وحشي، متعدد الأوجه ويزداد تعقيدًا”، مشيرة إلى ديناميكيات متغيرة تنطوي على عمليات قتل انتقامية. وأضافت أن “ما بدأ كأزمة سياسية وأمنية تحول إلى حالة طارئة خطيرة تتعلق بحقوق الإنسان والحماية، تتخللها جرائم دولية تتورط فيها جميع الأطراف.” وشددت على أنه “من غير المقبول أن تدخل هذه الحرب المدمرة عامها الثالث دون أفق لحل.”

كما دعت البعثة المجتمع الدولي إلى فرض حظر على بيع الأسلحة وضمان محاسبة المسئولين عن الانتهاكات الجسيمة. وأكدت أنها وثّقت “استخدامًا متزايدًا للأسلحة الثقيلة في المناطق المأهولة بالسكان وارتفاعًا حادًا في العنف الجنسي والعنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي، مشيرة إلى أن المساعدات الإنسانية تُستخدم كسلاح، وأن المستشفيات والمرافق الطبية تتعرض للحصار. وأضافت “حجم المعاناة الإنسانية لا يزال يتفاقم.” [8]

لم يعد هناك مكان آمن، والمدنيون يدفعون الثمن الأكبر للنزاع. فهم ما زالوا أهدافًا للقتل خلال الهجمات المباشرة والعشوائية، وقصف المدفعية والغارات الجوية،[9] والعنف الجنسي، والاختطاف، والنهب. وتواجه النساء والفتيات مخاطر متزايدة من الاغتصاب الجماعي، والاستعباد الجنسي، والإتجار، والزواج القسري، لا سيما في ولاية الجزيرة، وسنار، ودارفور، وجنوب كردفان. [10]

وقد تم الإبلاغ عن هجمات بحق المدنيين، من ضمنها مخيمات النزوح والأسواق في الخرطوم وأم درمان ودارفور وجنوب وشمال كردفان. [11]وشهدت الأشهر الأخيرة تزايدًا في استخدام الطائرات المسيّرة، بما في ذلك ضد القوافل الإنسانية والبنية التحتية المدنية. [12]كما تم الإبلاغ عن ارتفاع في معدلات القتل خارج نطاق القانون بحق المدنيين في شمال دارفور وولاية الخرطوم، ضمن هجمات انتقامية ضد من يُشتبه في تعاونهم مع أطراف النزاع. [13]

ورغم التحديات المستمرة، بما في ذلك الأزمة المالية التي تعاني منها الأمم المتحدة ورفض السلطات السودانية السماح لأعضاء البعثة وأمانتها العامة بدخول البلاد، استطاعت البعثة مواصلة عملها. واستمرت في إجراء مقابلات مع مصادر، وتلقي البلاغات، والتحقق من مقاطع الفيديو، وتحديد مواقع الهجمات، وإعداد ملفات عن المسئولين المحتملين. كما نفّذت مهام تحقيق في دول مجاورة، وأجرت مشاورات مع مسئولي الاتحاد الإفريقي والمجتمع المدني،[14] وبدأت التعاون مع جهات قضائية ذات صلة،[15] وحظيت بتفويض للتعاون وتبادل الممارسات الفضلى مع مبادرات المساءلة الدولية والإقليمية والوطنية الأخرى، حسبما تقتضي الحاجة. [16]

وفي هذا السياق، تظل البعثة الأممية آلية دولية حاسمة تتمتع بتفويض وموارد وخبرة واستقلالية، تمكّنها من التحقيق والإبلاغ عن الانتهاكات المرتكبة في جميع أنحاء السودان، مع التركيز على المساءلة. إذ تمتلك البعثة القدرة على استخدام منهجيات وأدوات وتقنيات لتوثيق الانتهاكات والتحقيق فيها، وتحديد ملابساتها وأسبابها الجذرية، وجمع الأدلة وحفظها، وتحديد الجناة، حتى دون دخولها الأراضي السودانية.

إن رفض السلطات السودانية (المتحالفة مع القوات المسلحة) التعاون مع البعثة، رغم عضوية السودان في مجلس حقوق الإنسان وتعهداته بموجب قرار الجمعية العامة 60/251 بالالتزام بأعلى المعايير في تعزيز وحماية حقوق الإنسان التعاون الكامل مع المجلس، لم ولن يثني البعثة عن أداء مهامها. [17]

كانت البعثة قد أشارت في تحديثها في يونيو 2025: “برزت رسالة واحدة بوضوح لا لبس فيه: لا سلام بدون عدالة.” فالمساءلة ليست ترفًا، بل شرط أساسي لتحقيق سلام مستدام في السودان، إذ إن غيابها من الأسباب الجذرية للنزاع. لذا، يجب البدء فورًا بالتحضير لتحقيق العدالة، ويجب أن تعالج أي اتفاقية سلام قضايا العدالة.

وتبقى التحقيقات والتقارير العلنية ضرورية، مع مواصلة التركيز القوي على التحقيق في الفظائع الحالية، بما في ذلك الجرائم الجنسية والجندرية التي تُرتكب ضد الشعب السوداني، خصوصًا النساء والفتيات، على يد الأطراف المتحاربة.

ونظرًا لاستمرار النزاع في السودان وارتكاب جميع الأطراف انتهاكات جسيمة، والحاجة المستمرة لجمع الأدلة وحفظها وتحديد الجناة، فلا خيار أمام المجلس سوى تمديد ولاية بعثة تقصّي الحقائق.

وعليه، ينبغي لمجلس حقوق الإنسان، في جلسته المقبلة، أن يقرر:

  • تمديد ولاية البعثة كاملة لمدة عامين؛
  • مطالبة البعثة بتقديم تحديثات شفهية عن عملها في الدورتين 62 و65، يعقبها حوارات تفاعلية موسعة بمشاركة المفوض السامي لحقوق الإنسان، وممثلي الاتحاد الإفريقي، والمستشار الخاص للأمين العام لمنع الإبادة الجماعية، والمجتمع المدني، والضحايا والناجين، والأطراف الأخرى ذات صلة. وتقديم تقارير شاملة في الدورتين 63 و66، يليها حوارات تفاعلية، وتقديم هذه التقارير للجمعية العامة في دورتها الحادية والثمانين والثانية والثمانين؛
  • التوصية بأن تتولى الجمعية العامة رفع تقارير البعثة إلى مجلس الأمن للنظر فيها واتخاذ الإجراء المناسب لضمان محاسبة المسئولين عن انتهاكات حقوق الإنسان، بما في ذلك الجرائم التي قد تُعتبر جرائم دولية، من خلال توسيع اختصاص المحكمة الجنائية الدولية ليشمل كامل أراضي السودان، والنظر في اتخاذ تدابير فعالة ومحددة ضد المسئولين الأساسيين عن هذه الجرائم، مع الأخذ بعين الاعتبار نتائج وتوصيات البعثة؛
  • دعوة جميع الأطراف المعنية، بما في ذلك هيئات الأمم المتحدة، للنظر في تنفيذ توصيات البعثة الواردة في تقاريرها بهدف معالجة الوضع الكارثي لحقوق الإنسان في السودان؛
  • دعوة البعثة للنظر في سُبل إحاطة جميع هيئات الأمم المتحدة ذات الصلة، بما في ذلك مجلس الأمن، بنتائج عملها؛
  • التأكيد على أن مجلس حقوق الإنسان سيظل منخرطًا بفاعلية في متابعة الوضع في السودان، بما في ذلك تقييم الحالة والاستجابات المناسبة، والتي قد تشمل تمديدًا إضافيًا لولاية البعثة.

إن تمديد ولاية البعثة لعامين لا يعني أن مجلس حقوق الإنسان يجب أن يظل صامتًا بشأن السودان طوال هذه المدة. فرغم التمديد المقترح والتقارير المرتبطة به حتى الجلسة 66 (سبتمبر 2027)، ينبغي أن يعتمد المجلس قرارًا بشأن السودان في جلسته الـ 63 (سبتمبر 2026)، لمراجعة التطورات ومتابعة إجراءاته السابقة بشأن البلاد. ويجب أن تكون هذه مبادرة استباقية تهدف إلى وضع حد للانتهاكات والإفلات من العقاب وتعزيز حقوق الإنسان والمساءلة في السودان.

علاوة على ذلك، ندعو المجلس إلى متابعة تنفيذ قراراته السابقة (S-32/1، 50/1، S-36/1، 54/2، و57/2) من خلال مطالبة المفوض السامي بتقديم تقارير إضافية، بمساعدة الخبير المعيّن، بعد الجلسة 61 (فبراير – أبريل 2026).[18]

وينبغي على المجلس أن:

  • يطلب من المفوض السامي، بمساعدة الخبير المعني بحقوق الإنسان في السودان، تقديم تقارير شاملة إلى مجلس حقوق الإنسان في جلستيه الـ 64 و الـ 67 حول حالة حقوق الإنسان في السودان، والانتهاكات التي ارتكبتها جميع أطراف النزاع، يعقبها حوارات تفاعلية بمشاركة المفوض السامي والخبير.

وأخيرًا، ندعو الدول إلى دفع مساهماتها المالية بالكامل وفي الوقت المحدد إلى الأمم المتحدة للتخفيف من أزمة السيولة، وتمكين بعثة تقصّي الحقائق في السودان، إلى جانب التحقيقات المستقلة الأخرى وهيئات وآليات حقوق الإنسان، من الوفاء بولاياتها، بما في ذلك تقديم النتائج والتقارير التي تطلبها الهيئات الحكومية الدولية مثل مجلس حقوق الإنسان.

نشكر اهتمامكم بهذه القضايا الملحّة،

ونحن على استعداد لتزويد بعثاتكم بمزيد من المعلومات.

لكم منا خالص التقدير،

  1. Act for Sudan
  2. Adeela for Culture And Art
  3. Advocacy Network for Africa
  4. African Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies (ACDHRS)
  5. African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS)
  6. AfricanDefenders (Pan-African Human Rights Defenders Network)
  7. Africans for the Horn of Africa (Af4HA)
  8. Afri-Sud Monitors for Human Rights Violations
  9. Alalg Center for Press Services
  10. Al-Jazeera Observatory for Human Rights (JOHR)
  11. Alliance for Peacebuilding
  12. American Friends Service Committee
  13. Amnesty International
  14. Anaka Women’s Collective for Refugees and Asylum Seekers
  15. ARTICLE 19 (A19)
  16. Atrocities Watch Africa (AWA)
  17. AWAFY Sudanese Organization
  18. Burkinabè Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CBDDH)
  19. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS)
  20. Central Minnesota Community Empowerment Organization
  21. CIVICUS
  22. Coalition for Genocide Response
  23. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)
  24. Community Development for Progress Organization
  25. Connection e.V.
  26. Consortium of Ethiopian Human Rights Organizations (CEHRO Ethiopia)
  27. CSW (Christian Solidarity Worldwide)
  28. Darfur Bar Association
  29. Darfuri Civil Society Bloc (Kamad)
  30. Darfur Victims Support Organization (DVSO)
  31. Darfur Women Action Group (DWAG)
  32. Darfur Women HRDs Coalition
  33. DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project)
  34. Democratic Alliance of Lawyers – Sudan
  35. Democratic Monitor for Transparency and Rights
  36. Democratic Thought Project (DTP)
  37. Doctors Against Genocide
  38. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR)
  39. Emgage Action
  40. Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace, and Security (GIWPS)
  41. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (GCR2P)
  42. Hawai’i Institute for Human Rights
  43. Hraak to Change and Empower Youth
  44. Human Rights Watch
  45. Institute for Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention (I-GMAP), Binghamton University
  46. International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI)
  47. International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)
  48. International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
  49. International Peace Bureau (IPB)
  50. International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
  51. Journalists for Human Rights (JHR) – Sudan
  52. Journal of Social Encounters
  53. Justiça Global
  54. Lawyers for Justice – Sudan
  55. Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada
  56. Mouvement contre le Racisme et pour l’Amitié entre les Peuples (MRAP)
  57. National Network for Social Justice – Sudan
  58. Network of Human Rights Defenders of Guinea-Bissau (Rede dos Defensores dos Direitos Humanos da Guiné-Bissau)
  59. Network of the Independent Commission for Human Rights in North Africa (CIDH Africa)
  60. New Lines Institute
  61. New Sudanese Women Union
  62. No Business With Genocide
  63. NoirUnited International
  64. PAEMA
  65. Pax Christi International
  66. Pax Christi New York State
  67. PAX Netherlands
  68. Peace Action
  69. Peace and Development Foundation-Africa (PDF-Africa)
  70. PEN International
  71. Physicians for Human Rights (PHR)
  72. Protection International Africa
  73. Proximity 2 Humanity
  74. Public-Private Integrity (PPI) – The Gambia
  75. Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights
  76. REDRESS
  77. Regional Centre for Training and Development of Civil Society (RCDCS) – Sudan
  78. Rencontre Africaine pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme (RADDHO)
  79. Rights for Peace
  80. Rights Realization Centre (مركز تفعيل الحقوق)
  81. Salam Media Organisation
  82. She Leads Movement
  83. Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) Network
  84. Sudanese Feminist Platform for Peace and Justice (SFPPJ)
  85. Sudanese Organization for Justice and Human Rights
  86. Sudan Human Rights Defenders Coalition (SudanDefenders)
  87. Sudan Human Rights Hub (SHRH)
  88. Sudan Rights Watch Network
  89. Sudan Knowledge Centre
  90. Sudan Transparency and Policy Tracker
  91. Sudan Unlimited
  92. Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy (TIMEP)
  93. Voice of Victims News Paper
  94. World Council of Churches
  95. World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)
  96. Youth Citizens Observers Network (YCON Sudan)

_____________________________________

[1] Available at: https://docs.un.org/A/HRC/RES/57/2. The scope of the FFM’s mandate, as well as its reports, press relea­ses and statements, are available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffm-sudan/index

[2] “Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civilians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” 17 June 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/06/sudan-war-intensifying-devastating-consequences-civilians-un-fact-finding; “UN experts demand international action as human rights violations escalate in Sudan’s displacement camps,” 8 May 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/un-experts-demand-international-action-human-rights-violations-escalate (accessed on 10 July 2025). In July 2025, the conflict has further escalated, which resulted in dozens of civilian casualties (see “UN rights chief condemns recent killing of scores of civilians in Sudan,” 17 July 2025, https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/07/1165420).

[3] “A call to action for protection and accountability for the people of Sudan – Statement by Tom Fletcher, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, 12 June 2025,” available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/call-action-protection-and-accountability-people-sudan-statement-tom-fletcher-under-secretary-general-humanitarian-affairs-and-emergency-relief-coordinator-12-june-2025 (accessed on 9 July 2025).

[4] See Alex de Waal, “Sudan in danger of self-destructing as conflict and famine reign,” BBC, 17 June 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg717385nj7o (accessed on 9 July 2025).

[5] Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) Network, “Unseen and Unheard: The Plight of Missing Women and Girls Amidst Sudan’s Crisis,” https://sihanet.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Missing-Women-and-Girls-Amidst-Sudans-Crisis.pdf (accessed on 23 July 2025).

[6] In its first report to the Council, presented in September 2024, the FFM found that both the SAF and the RSF were res­pon­sible for “patterns of large-scale violations,” including war crimes, and that it had “reasonable grounds to believe” that, in addition, “acts committed by the RSF and its allied militias [amounted to] crimes against humanity” (“Sudan: UN Fact-Finding Mission outlines extensive human rights violations, international crimes, urges protection of civilians,” 6 September 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/09/sudan-un-fact-finding-mission-outlines-extensive-human-rights-violations (accessed on 9 July 2025).

See also civil society letters and documents, including DefendDefenders et al., “Sudan: the Human Rights Council should establish an independent mechanism,” 1 September 2023, https://defenddefenders.org/sudan-hrc-should-establish-mechanism/; DefendDefenders et al., “Sudan: Extend the Fact-Finding Mission’s mandate,” 17 May 2024, https://defenddefenders.org/sudan-extend-ffm-mandate/; Amnesty International, DefendDefenders and Human Rights Watch, “Q&A: Why should the mandate of the Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) for Sudan be extended at HRC57?” 27 August 2024, https://defenddefenders.org/qa-extend-ffm-sudan-hrc57/ (accessed on 10 July 2025).

In a briefing to the UN Security Council, on 10 July 2025, the Deputy Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) stated that “[…] on the basis of our independent investigations, the position of our Office is clear: We have reasonable grounds to believe that war crimes and crimes against humanity have been and are continuing to be committed in Darfur” (ICC, “Statement of Deputy Prosecutor Nazhat Shameem Khan to the United Nations Security Council on the Situation in Darfur, pursuant to Resolution 1593 (2005),” https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-deputy-prosecutor-nazhat-shameem-khan-united-nations-security-council-situation (accessed on 21 July 2025)).

[7] Some women’s rights organisations have documented hundreds of cases of sexual violence against women and girls in the form of rape, gang rape, sexual slavery and forced marriage (SIHA Network, “Statement by the Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA Network) on Sudan – (no. OBS/433),” 3 May 2025, https://sihanet.org/statement-by-the-strategic-initiative-for-women-in-the-horn-of-africa-siha-network-on-sudan-no-obs-433/ (accessed on 23 July 2025) (As of 23 July 2025, SIHA had documented over 480 cases. These crimes have targeted women across all ages, from six to 68 years old, with 25.4 % of these documented cases involving children.)

[8] “Oral update by the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan at the 59th session of the Human Rights Council,” available on the HRC extranet. See also “Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civi­lians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” op. cit.

[9] Human Rights Watch, “Sudan: Armed Forces Airstrikes in South Darfur,” 4 June 2025, https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/06/04/sudan-armed-forces-airstrikes-south-darfur (accessed on 10 July 2025).

[10] “Sudan: Experts denounce systematic attacks on women and girls,” 14 May 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/sudan-experts-denounce-systematic-attacks-women-and-girls (accessed on 9 July 2025): “In some attacks, entire families have reportedly been torn apart, with women raped in front of relatives or abducted for prolonged sexual violence. ‘Sexual violence continues to be used systematically as a weapon of war in Sudan,’ [the experts] warned. The experts said that in villages such as Al Seriha, Azrag, Ruffa, and Abu Gelfa, women have taken their own lives following traumatic assaults, noting that survivors are increasingly and openly contemplating suicide as a means of escaping the ongoing horrors of the conflict. […] Victims are taken from displacement settings, markets, and shelters, amid a collapse of protection systems. […] The experts were also alarmed by continued attacks on women human rights defenders and frontline workers, who have reportedly been raped, killed, or harassed for assisting survivors or documenting abuses.”

See also Amnesty International, “Sudan: ‘They Raped All of Us’: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Sudan,” 9 April 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr54/9201/2025/en/ (accessed on 10 July 2025).

[11] “Sudan: Türk warns of catastrophic surge in violence,” 20 June 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/06/sudan-turk-warns-catastrophic-surge-violence; “Sudan: Alarm as civilians killed in attacks on mar­kets,” 13 December 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2024/12/sudan-alarm-civilians-killed-attacks-markets (accessed on 10 July 2025); “UN experts demand international action as human rights violations escalate in Sudan’s displacement camps,” op. cit.

See also UN News, “International Criminal Court: War crimes, systematic sexual violence ongoing in Darfur,” 10 July  2025, https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/07/1165367 (accessed on 21 July 2025)).

[12] “Sudan: Drone strikes must be investigated,” 4 June 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/06/sudan-drone-strikes-must-be-investigated; The Guardian, “Drone strikes hit Port Sudan airport and army base in third day of attacks,” 6 May 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/06/drone-strikes-hit-port-sudan-airport-army-base-third-day-attacks (accessed on 10 July 2025).

[13] In this regard, the FFM pointed to violations committed by both RSF and SAF, including, in areas recaptured by the SAF, such as Khartoum, Gezira, and Sennar, “widespread retaliatory violence between late 2024 and mid-2025” (“Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civilians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” op. cit.). See also “Horrors in Su­dan know no bounds, warns Türk, urging an end to the conflict,” 1 May 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/horrors-sudan-know-no-bounds-warns-turk-urging-end-conflict (accessed on 9 July 2025).

The High Commissioner also highlighted: “Our Office has also documented a disturbing rise in online hate speech and incitement to violence, with lists of individuals accused of collaborating with the RSF posted online” (“Sudan: UN Human Rights Chief appalled by widespread extrajudicial killings in Khartoum,” 3 April 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/04/sudan-un-human-rights-chief-appalled-widespread-extrajudicial-killings (accessed on 10 July 2025)).

Frequently, women who were forcibly disappeared by the RSF and found by SAF in recaptured areas have been accused of being “collaborators” with the RSF and have subsequently been detained and charged under the Sudanese Criminal Code of 1991 and the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001. Often, these women are from poorer socio-economic backgrounds and are targeted based on their ethnicity and place of residence (SIHA Network, “Statement by the Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA Network) on Sudan – (no. OBS/433),” op. cit.).

[14] In August 2024, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) adopted resolution Res.590 (LXXX) 2024, in which it decided to undertake a Joint Fact-Finding Mission with the AU Peace and Security Council. In November 2024, it adopted Res.609 (LXXXI) 2024, which renewed the Mission’s mandate for six months, requesting it to carry out its work in a hybrid format “comprising field missions and virtual investigations, depending on the resources provided [by the AU].” In May 2025, the ACHPR adopted Res.635 (LXXXIII) 2025, which extended the Mission’s mandate for an additional period of six months, “maintain[ing] the objective of carrying out a field mission in Sudan and neighboring countries.”

[15] See “Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civilians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” op. cit.; Amnesty International, DefendDefenders and Human Rights Watch, “Q&A,” op. cit.

[16] See the FFM’s mandate (https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffm-sudan/index).

In resolution 57/2 (October 2024), the Human Rights Council encouraged the FFM to “give due regard to ensuring the complementarity of its efforts with those of other actors, including independent national accountability efforts and regio­nal investigations” (operative paragraph 16).

[17] Amnesty International, DefendDefenders and Human Rights Watch, “Q&A,” op. cit. (in particular, Sections 3 and 4).

[18] Current reporting by the High Commissioner ends at the Council’s 61st session. Pursuant to operative paragraph 18 of resolution 57/2, the High Commissioner, with the assistance of his Expert on human rights in the Sudan, is requested to submit a “comprehensive report on the situation of human rights in the Sudan and on violations and abuses committed by all parties to the conflict […]” to the Council at its 61st session. (As per paragraph 17 of resolution S-32/1, “the term of of­fi­ce for the designated Expert on Human Rights in the Sudan should conclude upon the restoration of its civilian-led Government”).

Share the Post:

Ayan Mohamed Djama

Legal and Social Consultant

Ayan Mohamed Djama is a Legal and Social Consultant with strong expertise in judicial, port, and associative matters, and solid experience in designing, managing, and evaluating high-impact social, legal, and educational programmes. Internationally trained in Senegal, Kenya, France, and the United States, she supports NGOs, institutions, and private sector actors while leading community initiatives focused on the training, empowerment, and leadership of young women, girls, and youth to foster more just, inclusive, and resilient societies.

Bibiana Joseph Awad

SOUTH SUDAN PROJECTS OFFICER

Bibiana Joseph Awad holds a Master’s degree in Education in Emergency from the University of Juba. She is an activist and the Projects Officer at the SIHA Network in South Sudan, where she oversees critical initiatives focused on supporting survivors of gender-based violence (GBV). Bibiana manages the One Stop Centre at Wau Teaching Hospital, a facility that provides comprehensive services to GBV survivors, including medical care, psychosocial support, and legal assistance. She works closely with local communities, healthcare providers, legal institutions, and women’s coalitions to address the urgent challenges of GBV in South Sudan.

Through the One Stop Centre, Bibiana has strengthened the capacity of service providers and protection groups while advocating for the rights of women and girls affected by violence. In her free time, she enjoys reading books, listening to music, and engaging on social media.

Jackie Bless Pinyoloya

UGANDA PROJECT OFFICER

Jackie Bless Pinyoloya is the Project Officer at SIHA Network in Uganda; where she passionately champions feminist principles and gender justice. With a solid foundation in gender issues, advocacy, and economic empowerment for women, Jackie brings a wealth of expertise, particularly in the informal sector.

Currently pursuing a Master’s Degree in Gender Studies at Makerere University School of Women and Gender Studies, Jackie is committed to advancing her knowledge and understanding of gender dynamics. She also holds a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Social Sciences with a major in Gender Studies from Makerere University Kampala, reflecting her dedication to exploring and addressing social inequalities.

In her role, Jackie combines her academic background with practical experience, contributing significantly to the organization’s mission of promoting gender equality and empowerment. Her dedication to feminist principles is evident in her work towards creating positive change in the lives of women in Arua and beyond.

Adla Abubker

SUDAN PROTECTION & EMERGENCY RESPONSE COORDINATOR

Adla Abubker is a women’s rights activist from Sudan with more than 15 years’ experience of working toward gender equality in Sudan. She holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Rural Development from Ahfad University for Women in Sudan. Her areas of expertise include working with grassroots communities, women’s economic empowerment, gender activism and negotiating with men to change inequitable attitudes.

Currently, Ms Abubker a Program Officer with SIHA in Sudan, where she oversees SIHA’s work on building women movement, and women in Islam, reforming gender-discriminatory legislation, and engaging youth on issues of gender, religion, and race. She believes that the link between religion and law is in dire need of reform, and that discriminatory interpretations of Islam are a root cause of violence against women in Sudan.

Neimat Abas

SUDAN COUNTRY COORDINATOR

Neimat Abas brings over ten years of experience in the nonprofit sector. She holds a bachelor’s degree in law from Juba University and a master’s degree in Gender and Governance from Ahfad University for Women in Sudan, where her research focused on women’s political participation at the local level. Neimat is currently the Coordinator for the SIHA Network in Sudan.

Before joining SIHA Network, Neimat worked with the Arab Association for Constitutional Law in Tunisia, Oxfam America in Sudan, and Women for Women International in Washington, DC. She has played a key role in the development, implementation, and ongoing enhancement of high-quality women’s empowerment programs in eight conflict-affected countries.

Neimat has also been actively involved in the leadership of the Students Association and various political and civil society organizations for several years. As a result, she has developed strong skills in working with university students to organize political campaigns, raise public awareness about civil rights, and build democratic organizations and institutions.

Yousef Ahmed Abdi (Timacade)

SOMALI REGION PROGRAMME COORDINATOR

Yousef Ahmed Abdi (Timacade) is a Lawyer and Legal Analyst holding a Master’s Degree in Law and Executive Management. Over the past decade, he has consistently demonstrated dedication through his work with national and international non-governmental organizations, focusing on critical areas such as human rights, program management, and research within Somalia and Somaliland.

Currently serving as the Somali Region Programme Coordinator for the SIHA Network, Yousef embodies not only legal prowess but also a deep commitment to women’s human rights advocacy. He is also known for his prolific blogging and commentary, dedicated to raising awareness about human rights issues. His unwavering dedication to gender equality propels him into the role of advocate for marginalized communities, striving to amplify their voices and effect transformative change. Yousef specializes in championing egalitarian ideals and advancing progressive reforms in the Somali region, with a particular emphasis on achieving gender parity.

Yousef is a valued member of the editorial board of the Women in Islam journal. His numerous writings delve into the intricacies of human rights, particularly those affecting Muslim women.

Zemdena Abebe

ETHIOPIA PROGRAM COORDINATOR

Zemdena Abebe is the founder of Afri-colors, a social-enterprise startup, curating made-in-Africa products, crafted by women. As a Pan-Africanist -womanist- she refuses to be erased and amplifies the voices of women through her research, writing, multimedia -storytelling, organizing, and activism: disrupting intersecting oppressive systems. Her social justice advocacy work started in high school; Chaired Addis Ababa Girls’ Forum– which facilitated discussions amongst girls laying the foundation for legislative intervention against sexual abuse in Ethiopia. As the first women president of Addis Ababa University Students’ Union: she reaffirmed the need and organized various youth-led movements despite the hostile university context. One of the 22 young African women selected as part of the writing for social change workshop organized by AWDF and FEMRITE in Kampala, Uganda. An alumnus of the prestigious Mandela Washington Fellowship.

Amongst her multilayered affiliations, she sits on the advisory council of ActionAid Ethiopia. Previously, she worked with UNICEF Ethiopia and consulted many other local and international organizations such as the EU, FEMNET.HBF, FHS, TRUST AFRICA, etc. Volunteered for the African Union (African Academy of languages in Bamako, Mali: as a research and Marketing Assistant. Zemdena is a graduate of Political Science & International Relations, who often likes to dance her way to freedom. Asserting the notion that African women, girls & non-binary folks have the right to a life free of heteronormative -capitalist -anti-black -patriarchal terror based on their overlapping otherness: her work reaffirms that human progress is achieved through imagining a better world through the realization of a transnational strong justice-centered human kinship. Zemdena’s writings of resistance can be found on Pambazuka, Africa is a Country, HBF, African Feminism et al

Ramatoulie Isatou Jallow

REGIONAL ADVOCACY & RESEARCH OFFICER

Ramatoulie Isatou Jallow (L.L.M Graduate in National Security Law, Georgetown, 2023 and in Human Rights and Democratization in Africa University of Pretoria, Centre for Human Rights, 2021) is a peace practitioner and attorney from Botswana and the Gambia, specializing in human rights, democratization, national security, conflict prevention and women, peace and security. In her previous professional experiences, she worked for the African Union, the United States Institute for Peace, and the Georgetown Center for National Security. Immediately before joining SIHA Network, Ramatoulie was also the Mary Frances Berry Senior Fellow at the Center for Ethics and Rule of Law, affiliated with the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania. Here she led research on the military coups in the Sahel and West African region, civic education in the military and indefinite detention.

Her publications include Covid- 19 and Intrastate Armed Conflicts in Africa, Beyond the Outbreak: Creating a Sustainable Peace Culture in Botswana and Intergenerational Peacebuilding Among Women: Leveraging the Power of Collaboration, which she co-authored.

Outside of work, Ramatoulie is an avid reader, lover of poetry, culture, art and music.

Martin Maate Bwambale

REGIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE OFFICER

Martin Maate Bwambale is the Regional Human Resource Officer at SIHA Network, with over 8 years of progressive HR experience in both the private and not-for-profit sectors across the Greater Horn of Africa. As a member of the Human Resource Managers Association of Uganda, Martin is passionate about creating human capital-centric environments that foster a positive employee experience and contribute to the achievement of organizational goals. He is dedicated to helping individuals unlock their potential and become better versions of themselves by implementing sound HR practices and policies.

One of Martin’s key accomplishments includes serving as the Chairperson of the HR COVID-19 SOP Taskforce Committee, which was established by the Uganda INGO Country Directors Forum. He played a vital role in drafting standard operating procedures for workplace COVID-19 prevention, response, and control, as well as work-from-home policies, which were adopted in 2022.

Martin holds a Bachelor of Business Administration in Production and Operations from Bugema University and is currently pursuing a Master of Business Administration in Human Resource Management at Cavendish University.

Outside of his professional life, Martin enjoys playing soccer with C Club, a corporate soccer team in Kampala, Uganda, for health, leisure, and networking. He is also passionate about singing and traveling.

REGIONAL SENIOR FINANCE OFFICER

REGIONAL SENIOR FINANCE OFFICER

Sauda Kayaga is SIHA Network’s Regional Senior Finance Officer. A trained Statistician, she holds a bachelor’s degree in Statistics from Makerere University. Sauda has 2 years of experience in statistical research and analysis, 3 years in cashiering and banking, and over 5 years in project financial management. She has a strong aptitude for working with complex financial modelling and analysis and a deep understanding of financial systems and procedures. Sauda is highly passionate about her work and brings a keen attention to detail and expertise to every aspect of her role.

Justine Namuyanja

REGIONAL PROCUREMENT & COMPLIANCE OFFICER

Justine Namuyanja is the Procurement & Compliance Officer at SIHA Network, bringing over a decade of experience to the organization. Throughout her career at SIHA, she has made significant contributions to the finance, procurement, administration, human resources, and compliance sectors. Justine has consistently demonstrated her ability to manage procurement processes efficiently while ensuring compliance with both internal and external standards. Her expertise also includes optimizing operational workflows and improving the transparency and efficiency of financial systems, all of which are essential to the success of SIHA’s work. Justine’s role is also critical in upholding the integrity and accountability of SIHA’s operations.

Sandra Nassali

REGIONAL ADVOCACY & COMMUNICATIONS COORDINATOR

Sandra is an accomplished communication professional passionate about building knowledge and conducting strategic advocacy initiatives that advance the rights of women and girls.

In addition to feminist activism works, she has, in the last 15 years, pursued her career ambitions in areas of climate change mitigation and adaptation, agriculture and food security, social enterprise development, public health, as well as ICT for Development.

Sandra holds a Master of Arts in Development Journalism and Communication (Strategic & Corporate Communication Management major), plus a Bachelor of Mass Communication (Public Relations & Marketing major) from Makerere University in Kampala Uganda.

Furthermore, she holds a Post Graduate Diploma in ICT for Development and Social Good from the Spanish Telecentres and ICT Spaces Academy in Spain.

Twitter: @SandraNassali

Shinaz Rehema Ali-Zaids

REGIONAL GRANTS AND CAPACITY BUILDING COORDINATOR

Shinaz Rehema Ali-Zaids (She/Her) is a passionate and dedicated advocate for social justice. Her professional journey has focused on women’s rights, marginalized communities, natural resource governance, and climate change. With over a decade of experience in the women’s funding sector, she has offered strategic guidance to international organizations on community-driven, participatory grantmaking.

Deeply committed to her local Nubian community, Shinaz actively engages in local initiatives and serves on various boards to amplify the voices of marginalized groups. Her work addressing human rights gaps at the grassroots level has shaped her passion for strengthening social systems that protect the rights of vulnerable populations. A strong advocate for wellness, Shinaz prioritizes self-care and collective care within teams, recognizing that sustainable social change is rooted in both individual and collective well-being.

Throughout her career, Shinaz has collaborated closely with women to develop long-term, sustainable solutions to their most pressing needs. Her expertise in movement building has been key to expanding programs across diverse regions of Africa. In her current role as the Regional Grants and Capacity Building Coordinator, she supports SIHA Network’s country teams in executing impactful work and scaling their initiatives. Shinaz also provides critical support to women and communities in conflict and post-conflict settings, ensuring their safety, security, and ongoing activism in advancing women’s rights.

Mercy Apiyo Owuor

REGIONAL COORDINATOR: MONITORING, EVALUATION & LEARNING

Mercy is a Public Health Professional with a keen interest in gender equality, equity, and social inclusion. She has over 15 years of experience in programme design and management, as well as monitoring, learning, and evaluation.

This is expertise Mercy has gathered by managing and coordinating multiple projects while working with government entities and civil society organisations at the grassroots, national, and international levels.

Mercy holds a Master of Community Health and Development from the Great Lakes University of Kisumu, and a Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology from Moi University in Eldoret Kenya.

Twitter: @MercyOwuor2

Mayada Eltayeb

HEAD OF FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION

Mayada Eltayeb is the Head of Finance and Administration at SIHA Network. She joined the organization in 2008 with over a decade of experience in finance and organizational management, leading SIHA’s strategic financial planning and resource management. Born in Sudan and raised in the United Arab Emirates, Mayada earned her bachelor’s degree in accounting from Ahfad University in Sudan in 2005.

Before joining SIHA, she had gained extensive experience working with various audit and accounting firms, refining her skills in financial analysis and reporting. Under her leadership, SIHA’s Finance and Administration division has strengthened financial processes and policies, ensuring compliance, transparency, and the effective allocation of resources. Mayada’s efforts have been pivotal in supporting the organization’s sustainability and operational excellence. She has also completed several specialized training courses in NGO financial management in Uganda and South Africa, further enhancing her expertise and leadership capabilities.

Faizat Badmus-Busari

REGIONAL PROGRAMME MANAGER

Faizat Badmus-Busari is the Regional Programme Manager at SIHA Network. With a strong background in program management and a Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD) degree from Emory University School of Law, she expertly navigates the crossroads of gender, law, religion, and social justice, serving marginalized communities, especially women and girls.

Before SIHA, Faizat held significant positions in international organizations like The Carter Center and various United Nations agencies. There, she managed projects ranging from grassroots efforts to global initiatives, focusing on gender equity, social inclusion, democracy, and human rights. At SIHA, she oversees the network’s regional programs, ensuring the mission and vision are effectively carried out across the Horn of Africa. Faizat brings her extensive gender-transformative, legal, and program management expertise to the role. Guided by a belief in collective action and intersectional feminism, Faizat collaborates with organizations and partners to promote women’s rights, peacebuilding, and social justice in the region.

Hala Al-Karib

REGIONAL DIRECTOR

Hala Al karib was born and raised in Sudan and later lived in Canada. She currently lives and works in Uganda. She has lived and worked in South Sudan, Kenya and Egypt as well the Eastern and Horn of Africa for over 20 years. Hala’s work specifically focuses on women and girls rights activism and social movement as well as refugees and displaced persons and minority community’s challenges. She has wide and comprehensive expertise on the Horn and Eastern Africa regions, as a civil society worker/activist, and social and gender research practitioner. Her educational background is on Human rights, women studies and Psychology. In addition to her work as the Regional Director of SIHA Network, she worked for various international and regional organizations/institutions among them; The College of Social & Economic Studies, Juba University in South Sudan where she worked as a Research Assistant; The sociology department at the American University in Cairo as an Assistant Researcher; Immigrant Women of Saskatchewan Inc. in Canada as the Program Director; Trocaire, an Irish Organization as Grant Officer based in Sudan. She has also worked as a consultant with various international and UN Humanitarian organizations, including; Goal Ireland, World University Services, Accord International and Concern International.

She is a regular contributor to many online and print media outlets. Her writing is focused on activism, women’s rights and social justice. Some of her recent articles are published in: Aljazeera, Open Democracy, Sudan Tribune The Pambazuka, the New Humanitarian and the East African Newspaper. She is the Editorial head of SIHA Journal – Women in Islam in the Horn of Africa (Arabic & English).

Twitter: @Halayalkarib

Kadra Omar

Kadra is a Social Worker from Djibouti currently working with the Ministry of the Promotion of Women & Family Welfare & Social Affairs- Djibouti. She is also a member of the Djiboutian Women’s Union. Kadra currently serves on the Program Advisory.

Dr. Lyn Ossome

Dr. Lyn Ossome is the Director of the Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR), Makerere University. She received her PhD in Political Studies from Wits University. Her specializations and taught courses are in the fields of feminist political economy and feminist political theory, with particular research interests in land and agrarian studies, gendered labour, queer feminist histories and the political economy of gendered violence. She currently serves on the Program Advisory

Aluel Atem

Aluel Atem is a seasoned development economist, blogger, and African Feminist Activist hailing from South Sudan. With over eight years of dedicated experience, her primary focus has been on gender and conflict transformation. Currently serving as a Senior Program Officer at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), Aluel holds the role of USIP’s In-country (Kenya) lead for the Border Security Training Program (BSTP). In addition to her role at USIP, Aluel is a co-founder of two women’s rights initiatives: Ma’ Mara Sakit Village and Crown the Woman-South Sudan, both based in South Sudan.

Rose Baryamutuma

Rose is a programme monitoring and evaluation expert with over 15 years of experience providing specialized services for program design, organization capacity assessments, facilitating training and M&E. She has also provided technical support to institutions to develop and cost strategic plans. Rose has broad research experience/evaluation in the areas of HIV and AIDS, Sexual and Reproductive Health. As GBV Focal Person she provides technical support to the GBV National TWG on general program and M&E specifically.

Kimberley Armstrong

Kimberley Armstrong holds a PhD in Anthropology from McGill University in Canada. Her research focused on transitional justice, conflict, and displacement in Northern Uganda, with previous studies on rural-to-urban migration of women in Senegal. She is currently working with the Ministry of Social Development and Poverty Reduction in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, as the Manager of Program Evaluation and Reporting. Prior to joining the Ministry, she served as SIHA Network’s Regional Programmes Manager for over six years.

Jemimah Naburri-Kaheru

Currently serving as the Association for Women’s Rights in Development [AWID]’s Deputy Director of Human Resources, is an accomplished international Human Rights [HR] strategist with a significant experience in the Horn of Africa region. With a background in Development Studies from Makerere University (Uganda) and an ongoing MBA in Human Resource Management, Jemimah is dedicated to continuous professional development. Her contributions to building high-performance workforces and her leadership in international HR make her an invaluable asset to any global enterprise. Additionally, Jemimah serves as the Program Advisor, supporting with operations at SIHA Network.

Abdifatah Hassan Ali

Abdifatah is a Somali human rights defender with extensive experience in advocacy within the civil society arena. He is the Founder of the Digital Shelter – a local initiative founded in March 2018 by activists who are passionate about the intersection between technology and human rights in Somalia with the aim of promoting digital safety, digital rights and inclusion and internet freedom in the growing digital civic space of Somalia. He holds a Masters Degree in Human rights. Currently works for the UN as a Human rights officer in Somalia

Guleid Ahmed Jama

​Guleid is an active human rights defender and an Attorney at law the Xaqdoon Law Firm​, based​ in Somaliland. He is the ​C​o-founder and former ​C​hairperson of Human Rights Center (HRC), a human rights advocacy organization ​also based in Somaliland. ​​Guleid currently serv​es​ as a Program Advisor.

Asmahan Hassen

Ms. Asmahan is one of the founders of SIHA, currently serving as Advisor to the SIHA Board. She is currently Chairperson of Nagaad Network in Somaliland. She has also served as Chairperson of the Somaliland Women’s Research and Action Group (SOWRAG). Asmahan is actively involved in the Somaliland women rights arena as a women human rights defender. Her tenure spans 23 years. She is a graduate of Arts and Humanities from the University of Khartoum.

Peace Twine Kyamureku

Peace Twine Kyamureku is the Executive Director of the Ruth Fund Uganda. She is a secondary school teacher by profession, holding a Master of Arts Degree from Makerere University and has trained in Gender, Human Rights and Civil Society Studies. She currently serves on the Advisory to the SIHA Board.

Saba Gebremedhin

Saba is currently the Executive Director of the Network of Ethiopian Women’s Associations (NEWA), a member organization of SIHA Network. Saba is a Lawyer in the Ethiopian Courts of Law by training and profession having served as a Special Prosecutor. She is also one of the founders of the Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA). In her tenure, she has served as a Consultant at the IGAD Gender Unit and the African Union Women, Gender and Development Directorate (WGDD).

Kaltun Hassan

Ms. Kaltun is a Gender Expert and Women Rights Activist from Somaliland. She has served in a number of positions within civil society organizations advocating for, and working in women’s rights, gender equality, and peace-building. She serves on the Board of Directors of Women Advocacy and Progress organization (WAAPO). Kaltun was recently re-elected as the only woman on the Somaliland Electoral Commission.

Fadwo Hassan

Fadwo Hassan Jimale is a Somali woman rights activist with experience spanning 10 years in gender-mainstreaming and social protection of women and children in Somalia. I have Ten (10) years’ experience in excellence of general protection and development of gender mainstreaming. Her experience in GBV survivor work in Somalia has necessitated her participation in women’s movement-building work particularly with the women and Child Cluster in Somalia. Fadwo has represented SIHA in a number of national and regional spaces contributing to SIHA’s mandate of advocating for the acknowledgment of women rights in view of the lived realities of women and girls in the region.

Rigbe Gebrehewariat Hagos

Rigbe is a passionate women rights activist from Ethiopia, trained as a Lawyer and Social Worker, who has dedicated her career to advocating for people with disabilities, especially women. She works to spread awareness about people with disabilities and what they are able to achieve. She is the Co-founder and treasurer of Ethiopian Lawyers with Disabilities Association (ELDA), Co-founder and board chair of Setawit and a member of the United Nations Women Civil Society Advisory Group She is also a 2016 Mandela Washington Fellow. Rigbe sits on the Board of Directors of the Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA) – a member of SIHA Network. She currently serves on the SIHA Board of Directors.

Zabib Loro Musa

Zabib Loro Musa is the Executive Director of Women for Justice and Equality (WOJE), a feminist advocacy organization dedicated to advancing and advocating for the rights of women in marginalized communities across South Sudan. At WOJE, she leads the organization’s efforts to implement the Women’s Peace and Security agenda in grassroots communities throughout South Sudan.

Keltun Qasim

Kaltun Qasim is the Director of Women’s Human Rights Education and Environment in Somaliland. Her organization works in different rural and urban centres in Somaliland and has been a member of SIHA for more than 10 years.

Lillian Byarugaba Adriko

Lilian Byarugaba Adriko is the CEO of FIDA-Uganda and is a very well known woman advocate and rights defender in the country playing a significant role in improving the status of women by promoting their socio-economic rights and justice and advancing gender equality within Uganda.

Omayma Elmardi

Ms. Omayma Amin Elmardi is the Director at the National Sudanese Women Association (NSWA) a member organisation of SIHA Network. She holds a Bachelors of Science from Cairo University – Khartoum branch, a Post-graduate Diploma in Development Studies and a Master of Science in Development Planning from the Development Studies and Research Institute (DSRI) University of Khartoum. Omayma currently serves as the Chairperson of the SIHA Board of Directors.