Statement to the 75th Ordinary Session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (in English & French)

Honourable chairperson, honourable commissioners, excellencies, state delegates, distinguished representatives from human rights organizations, institutions and civil society, and all those concerned with the state of women’s rights in Africa, thank you for this opportunity to participate in this auspicious occasion by presenting the following statement.

Introduction

The Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA Network) is a women’s network created by women’s rights activists from Somalia, Somaliland, Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan and Eritrea. For the past 25 years we have held a unique position conducting research and advocacy while working as a feminist regional civil society network with over 100 member organizations operating in the politically volatile contexts of the Greater Horn of Africa. We work through and firmly believe in the collective power of African women.

Over the past year, the Horn of Africa has been a site of multiple conflicts, insecurity, environmental shocks, political upheaval, and shrinking civic space. In Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan, women have found themselves increasingly victims of sexual violence during this period because of the political instability, economic insecurity, erosion of the rule of law, and weakened institutions, structures, and processes. We applaud the Resolutions passed by the Commission on the protection of women’s rights in this region, notably: Resolution 549 on the Renewal of the Mandate of the Commission of Inquiry on the Situation in the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Resolution 542 on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of South Sudan, and Resolution 548 on Coup d’Etats, Military Transitions and Attendant Violations of Human and Peoples’ Rights in Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali and The Sudan, however, the situation continues to worsen, and we therefore feel more is needed.

We call upon the African Commission to hold Member States of the Horn of Africa accountable to their commitments to African women, as parties to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and to the ideals of The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the Maputo Protocol).

Ethiopia

We welcome the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement between the warring parties and the recent peace talks with OLA, paving the way for the restoration of peace, security and stability in the whole country.

The two-year conflict was characterized by high rates of targeted sexual violence and assault against women, either as a tactic of punishment or intimidation against the regional or ethnic group to which they belong, or perpetrators taking advantage of the chaos to commit these crimes without fear of accountability. Just in the first two months after the fighting broke out in November 2020, there were 1,300 rape cases reported to authorities in Ethiopia. The perpetrators are reported to belong to armed groups on both sides, in violation of Ethiopia’s commitment to Article 11 of the Maputo Protocol, and Article 16 and 18 of the African Charter. We emphasize the need for transitional justice as crucial to ending the perpetual cycle violence that led to the outbreak of this conflict in 2020. A key element of transitional justice is holding the various perpetrators of these heinous crimes accountable, not allowing one individual or group to become the scapegoat for the crimes of many others.

With the cessation of hostilities that began in November of 2022, many survivors may be in the process of seeking justice, however significant barriers persist. Most are pressured into silence or accepting arbitration through informal, customary courts where misogynistic biases are left unchecked and there are no avenues to appeal unjust proceedings or judgements. Ethiopia’s modern and progressive constitution explicitly stipulates protection for the rights of women. Yet the constitution is frequently undermined by weak mechanisms of enforcement and prevailing patriarchal social norms.

Sudan

In Sudan, sexual violence against women is continuously being weaponized as part of a countrywide campaign of oppression that has continued since the coup of the 25th of October 2021. The current heavy militarization, including significant mobilization of male youth particularly in Darfur, Kordofan and Blue Nile, is causing the rapid increase of SGBV cases as the perpetrators are often members of the different armed groups. Sudan’s legal framework still fails to address many crimes of sexual violence and hinders survivors from pursuing justice and holding perpetrators accountable. Ambiguities in the Criminal Act of 1991 and the Evidence Act of 1994, leave significant room for the discretionary interpretation of individual police and court officials handling each given case. In the current context, perpetrators are primarily members of the armed forces and militias as the National Intelligence and Security Service Act of 2010 (NISS) and the Military Forces Act of 2007 give them exemptions from prosecution when performing their jobs with “good intention.” Any such exemption flies in the face of Article 3 of the African Charter which guarantees all equality before the law and equal protection by the law and Article 18 (3) which requires states to protect women from discrimination and ensure their rights. As of October of 2022, the UNFPA estimated that there were 2.7 million women and girls in Sudan in need of protection from gender-based violence or response and mitigation services.

From Khartoum to Darfur, female civilians, including young girls and political activists who participated in demonstrations against the coup, have been directly targeted by armed groups. Some of these women were also detained and subjected to further sexual violence, in violation of Article 5 of the African Charter. In further violation of Article 5, Sudan has yet to amend the Criminal Act, the NISS Act and the Military Forces Act to criminalize the use of torture or any other form of cruel and inhumane punishment. Recently, WHRDs have been subjected to frivolous proceedings and criminal accusations under the Cyber Crime Act of 2022 for advocating to stop violence against w0men and girls across different social platforms. The implementation of this law, which was adopted during the transitional period, reflects the persistence of the intimidation and criminalization of women by state bodies and authorities.

The outbreak of armed conflict in Sudan on April 15th of 2023 demonstrates the dangers of the continued, unchecked militarization that has been happening in Sudan. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 400 people have now been killed and thousands have been injured. As a result of the ongoing fighting, humanitarian spaces and hospitals have been subject to looting, hampering the delivery of life-saving humanitarian aid to vulnerable people, forcing thousands to flee their homes, and exacerbating an already difficult situation in which women and girls are bearing the brunt of violence, abuse, and discrimination

Somalia

A report from the Secretary-General to the Security Council (S/2022/272) published March 2022 revealed that in 2021 the United Nations had confirmed 306 cases of sexual violence against girls, while the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) verified another 32 incidents of sexual violence against 19 women and 13 girls. Sadly, this already high number is only the number of cases that could be independently confirmed, and it is likely that the true number of Somali women and girls who experienced sexual violence is much higher. The perpetrators of these violent acts are often armed men from all sides, including regional and federal police, military, militia, and Al-Shabaab. In an unpublished report by Somali Women Development Centre, a local NGO working with survivors of sexual violence, reported 2,176 GBV cases in Somalia in 2021 and 2,343 cases in 2022. In the Somaliland region, the National Human Rights Commission reported 580 rape cases in 2022, with 66 percent of these cases related meted against girls below 18 years and only 28% handled by a statutory court  These consistently high rates of sexual violence are enabled by a culture of blaming and stigmatizing survivors and the growing influence of misogynistic interpretations of Sharia law that have gained traction in Somalia, as Islamist militants have been expanding their sphere of influence by leveraging the vulnerability caused by food insecurity and lack of income-generating opportunities.

This politically motivated fundamentalist ideology is compounded by low commitment towards women and girls, weak legislation and laissez-faire enforcement, which often allows for cases of sexual violence to be resolved through traditional or Islamic(sharia) where the fundamental priorities are to maintain peace between clans, rather than achieving justice for survivors. In many cases resolutions involve forcing the survivor to marry the perpetrator or arranging for a fee to be paid by the perpetrator’s clan to the survivor’s clan, as these options reduce the likelihood of further violence between the clans, at the expense of women’s bodily agency and security. This violates the aims of Article 16 of the African Charter, which establishes Somalia’s commitment to protecting the physical and mental health of all its citizens. In Somaliland, the Rape and Sexual Offences Act, which was passed in 2018, has yet to be implemented due to the objections of religious leaders who demanded that the government halt the Act’s implementation. In Somalia a similar bill was proposed but never moved forward. In both cases the legislation was promising and resulted from consultations with women activists, yet in the end religious elders were able to halt definitive progress toward these key legal reform attempts.

Somalia has not yet ratified the Maputo Protocol. This inaction on the part of the Somali government obstructs the efforts to protect women from sexual violence and all forms of discrimination and runs against Somalia’s commitments to protecting women’s rights as enshrined in Article 18 of the African Charter.

South Sudan

While SIHA celebrates South Sudan’s recent ratification of the Maputo Protocol, and we emphasize the urgent need for more work to be done, to fully domesticate the Protocol into South Sudanese law.

SGBV in South Sudan remains worryingly high, a one-stop centre operated by SIHA in South Sudan has served 726 survivors of SGBV during the 2022 calendar year and first 3 months of 2023. This number is shocking enough; however, it only represents a portion of the true number of survivors of SGBV, as reporting rates continue to be low, not only due to stigmatization, but often women and girls will be forced to marry the rapist if the case comes to light, as this sadly continues to be a normal practice for ‘resolving’ SGBV cases, especially when the perpetrator is capable of paying a sizeable dowry. Another factor that has contributed to the rise in forced marriage, especially of girls under 18, has been the continued economic strife brought on by the pandemic and political instability in the country, tragically making the incentive of the dowry even stronger for many families. SIHA has also observed a disturbing increase in the use of physical violence and at times incarceration against young women and girls in South Sudan who try to refuse or run away from a forced marriage.

The South Sudanese legal framework’s protection of women’s rights upon entering or dissolving a marriage is very weak, and domestic law does not stipulate a minimum marriage age, though in practice it is assumed that a girl can be married as soon as she has ‘reached puberty.’ This directly violates Article 6 of the Maputo Protocol, which establishes that all marriages require the “free and full consent of both parties,” and that the minimum marital age be 18. As the concept of ‘marital rape’ is not explicitly criminalized in South Sudanese law, girls forced into marriage have no legal protection against rape by the person they have been forced to marry. The equal rights of men and women within a marriage are not only established in Article 6 of the Maputo Protocol and Article 18 of the African Charter, but also indirectly through the 2011 Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, which prohibits domestic violence. Unfortunately, these legal commitments are undermined by widespread normalization of the use of violence against women and girls. 

Another driver of sexual violence has been the increase in inter-communal conflicts combined with prevalent gendered norms that portray the rape of women as a means to harm another community as a whole. The presence of conflict alongside significant economic hardship has also led to large numbers of unpaid, armed men who see the rape of women as payment for their services in the army, militia, or other combatant groups.

Contrary to the principles enshrined in Article 3 of the African Charter, sexual violence cases are often resolved in customary law settings rather than formal legal courts. Indeed, the presiding of customary courts over issues of marriage, divorce, rape, and sexual violence is recognized by the South Sudanese national government for all 64 South Sudanese tribes. As is the case in each of the countries addressed in this statement, in South Sudan the practice of resolving cases of sexual violence outside of formal courts, disadvantages women as customary courts are more susceptible to the influences of patriarchal bias and there are fewer mechanisms to correct for this bias. For example, when a girl child is raped and the rape results in pregnancy, it is quite common for a customary court to require the perpetrator to marry the child and pay the dowry, without facing any punitive consequences.

While the Women of South Sudan applaud the recent 2023 accession of the Maputo Protocol, they encourage the South Sudan government to deposit the ratification instruments and fast track domestication of the Protocol, in fulfilment of its commitment to gender equality.

Conclusion

As parties to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights the governments of Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan must be held accountable for having created an enabling environment for the ongoing instability and rampant sexual violence against women and girls, as this violates numerous articles of the African Charter, including the right to physical and mental health (Article 16), the protection of women’s rights (Article 18), and the right to peace and security (Article 23). In addition to their ratification of the African Charter, these countries have, in their own constitutions, or by indications of intent to ratify and domesticate the Maputo Protocol, displayed some form of rhetorical commitment to protecting women and girls from harmful and discriminatory practices like sexual violence, child marriage. As continental frameworks written by and for Africans, we are deeply proud of the African Charter and the Maputo Protocol. We ask that the Commission utilize the influence, mechanisms, and resources at its disposal to impress upon the governments of Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan the urgency and importance of fully ratifying and domesticating the Maputo Protocol and ensuring that the protections enshrined on paper are translated into the lived realities of women and girls without delay.

Recommendations

We therefore conclude this statement with the following recommendations for the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights:

  1. Support advocacy through the African Union channels to increase state accountability for reducing sexual violence through policy reform and state compliance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights alongside other regional and international conventions and commitments.
  2. Building on Resolution on the Renewal of the Mandate of the Commission of Inquiry on the Situation in the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia – ACHPR/Res.549 (EXT.OS/ XXXVI) 2023, apply pressure to the government of Ethiopia to:
    1. Fully domesticate the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) through enactment of Ethiopian law and lift all reservations to the Protocol.
    2. To investigate the use of sexual violence against women as a weapon during the conflict and hold perpetrators accountable.
    3. Provide comprehensive support for survivors of sexual violence.
    4. Expediate the implementation process for the Agreement for Lasting Peace, particularly Article 4 on the protection of civilians
  3. Building on Resolution on Coup d’Etats, Military Transitions and Attendant Violations of Human and Peoples’ Rights in Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali and The Sudan – ACHPR/Res.548 (LXXIII) 2022, apply increased pressure to the government of Sudan to:
    1. Implement an immediate cease-fire throughout the entire country.
    2. Implement a short- and long- term transitional process toward peace and a stable democratic governance system, which equally includes women and civil society.
    3. Ratify the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) without reservations.
    4. Implement the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
    5. Amend the Criminal Act and the Criminal Procedure Act to ensure survivors are protected from adultery charges and guaranteed access to justice through formal court trials that diligently follow legal due process.
    6. Amend the National Intelligence Security and Service Act and the Military Forces Act to abolish impunity for all forms of violence and harassment (including sexual violence) committed by military and security sector staff against civilians.
    7. Enact legislation that aims to protect women who report sexual violence and provide services for them.
    8. Strengthen mechanisms to investigate and prosecute perpetrators.
  4. To apply pressure to the government of Somalia to:
    1. Ratify and domesticate the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) without reservations.
    2. Enact the Sexual Offence bill that has been long promoted by women’s rights activists/organizations and civil society in Somalia and Somaliland.
    3. End impunity for agents of the security apparatuses and hold militarized perpetrators and others accountable for the crimes of sexual violence.
    4. Subject the perpetrators of sexual violence to the statutory court ruling and discourage customary courts handling cases of sexual violence.
  5. Building upon Resolution on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of South Sudan – ACHPR/Res.542 (LXXIII) 2022, apply increased pressure to the government of South Sudan to:
    1. Fast track the domestication of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) and remove all reservations.
    2. End impunity for perpetrators of sexual violence through strengthened accountability mechanisms
    3. End marriage of girls under 18 years old and all forms of forced marriage.
    4. Provide holistic support to survivors who wish to leave forced marriages.
    5. Immediately release all women and girls currently being detained or incarcerated for attempting to refuse or run away from forced marriages.

We wish the African Commission fruitful deliberations. Thank you.

75ème SESSION ORDINAIRE DE LA COMMISSION AFRICAINE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME ET DES PEUPLES (CADHP) BANJUL, GAMBIE

3 – 23 mai 2023

 

Déclaration du réseau SIHA – Initiative Stratégique pour les Femmes dans la Corne de l’Afrique – (no. OBS/433)

Honorable président, honorables commissaires, représentants étatiques, distingués participants, représentants des organisations de défense des droits de l’homme et de la société civile, et tous ceux préoccupés par l’état des droits des femmes en Afrique, je vous remercie de l’opportunité qui m’est donnée de présenter une déclaration lors de cette session.

Introduction

SIHA (Initiative Stratégique pour les Femmes dans la Corne de l’Afrique) est un réseau de femmes créé par des défenseuses des droits des femmes originaires de Somalie, Somaliland, Éthiopie, Soudan, Soudan du Sud, et Erythrée au milieu des années 90. Depuis 25 ans, nous occupons une place unique en tant que réseau régional féministe regroupant plus de 100 organisations de la société civile, menant des activités de plaidoyer et de recherche, et opérant dans le contexte politique instable de la Grande Corne de l’Afrique. Nous croyons fermement et reposons notre travail sur le pouvoir collectif des femmes africaines.

Au cours de l’année écoulée, la Corne de l’Afrique a été le théâtre de multiples conflits, d’insécurité, de chocs environnementaux, de bouleversements politiques et du rétrécissement de l’espace civique. En Éthiopie, en Somalie, au Soudan, et au Soudan du Sud, les femmes ont subi des violences sexuelles accrues en raison de l’instabilité politique, de l’insécurité économique, de l’érosion de l’état de droit, et de l’affaiblissement des institutions, structures et processus étatiques.

Nous saluons les résolutions adoptées par la Commission sur la protection des droits des femmes dans cette région, en particulier : la Résolution 549 sur le renouvellement du mandat de la Commission d’enquête sur la situation dans la région du Tigré de la République fédérale démocratique d’Éthiopie, la Résolution 542 sur la situation des droits de l’homme en République du Soudan du Sud, et la Résolution 548 sur les coups d’état, les transitions militaires et les violations des droits de l’homme et des peuples qui en découlent au Burkina Faso, en Guinée, au Mali et au Soudan. Cependant, nous pensons qu’il est nécessaire de faire plus alors que la situation dans la Corne de l’Afrique continue de se dégrader.

Nous appelons l’Union Africaine à tenir les états membres de la Corne de l’Afrique responsables de leurs engagements envers les femmes africaines, en tant que parties à la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, et aux idéaux du Protocole à la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples relatif aux droits des femmes en Afrique (Protocole de Maputo).

Éthiopie

Nous accueillons favorablement l’Accord de Cessation des Hostilités entre les parties belligérantes et les récents pourparlers de paix avec l’Armée de Libération Oromo, ouvrant la voie au rétablissement de la paix, de la sécurité et de la stabilité dans l’ensemble du pays.

Les deux années de conflit ont été marquées par des taux élevés de violence et d’agressions sexuelles ciblées contre les femmes, utilisées comme instruments de punition ou d’intimidation à l’encontre du groupe régional ou ethnique auquel elles appartiennent. Ces violences reflètent également le comportement opportuniste des auteurs profitant du chaos pour commettre ces crimes en toute impunité. Rien qu’au cours des deux premiers mois qui ont suivi le début des combats en novembre 2020, 1300 cas de viol ont été signalés aux autorités éthiopiennes. Les auteurs appartiendraient à des groupes armés affiliés aux deux camps en conflit, en violation de l’engagement de l’Éthiopie à respecter l’Article 11 du Protocole de Maputo et les articles 16 et 18 de la Charte Africaine.

Nous soulignons la nécessité d’une justice transitionnelle pour mettre fin au cycle perpétuel de violence qui a conduit au déclenchement de ce conflit en 2020. L’un des éléments clés de la justice transitionnelle consiste à s’assurer que les différents auteurs de ces crimes odieux rendent des comptes, et d’éviter de faire d’un individu ou d’un groupe le bouc émissaire de crimes commis par beaucoup d’autres.

Depuis la fin des hostilités en novembre 2022, de nombreuses survivantes cherchent probablement à obtenir justice, mais de multiples obstacles existent. La plupart sont contraintes de garder le silence ou d’accepter l’arbitrage de tribunaux coutumiers informels où les préjugés misogynes ont libre cours et où il est impossible de faire appel de procédures ou de jugements injustes. La constitution moderne et progressiste de l’Éthiopie stipule explicitement l’obligation de protéger les droits des femmes. Pourtant, cette dernière est souvent bafouée en raison de la faiblesse des mécanismes d’application et des normes sociales patriarcales dominantes.

Soudan

Au Soudan, les violences sexuelles envers les femmes font l’objet d’une instrumentalisation constante et s’inscrivent dans le cadre d’une campagne nationale d’oppression qui se poursuit depuis le coup d’état du 25 octobre 2021. La forte militarisation du conflit ainsi que le recrutement massif de jeunes hommes, en particulier dans les états du Darfour, du Kordofan et du Nil Bleu, entrainent une augmentation des cas de violences sexuelles basées sur le genre, la plupart des auteurs appartenant à ces différents groupes armés. De nombreux crimes de violences sexuelles ne sont cependant pas reconnus dans le cadre juridique soudanais, ce qui entrave l’accès des survivantes à la justice et la condamnation des auteurs.

Les ambiguïtés du code pénal de 1991 et de la loi de 1994 relative aux preuves laissent une grande place à l’interprétation discrétionnaire des fonctionnaires de police et tribunaux en charge du traitement des cas. Dans le contexte actuel, les auteurs de violence sont principalement des membres des forces armées et de milices, que la loi de 2010 sur le service national du renseignement et de la sécurité (NISS) et la loi de 2007 sur les forces militaires exemptent de poursuites lorsqu’ils exercent leur travail avec de « bonnes intentions ». Une telle exemption va à l’encontre de l’Article 3 de la Charte Africaine qui garantit l’égalité de tous devant la loi et une protection égale de la loi, ainsi que l’Article 18 qui demande aux états de protéger les femmes contre les discriminations et d’assurer leurs droits. Le FNUAP estimait en octobre 2022 que 2,7 millions de femmes et de filles soudanaises devaient être protégées contre les violences basées sur le genre ou prises en charge en tant que survivantes.

De Khartoum au Darfour, des femmes, y compris des filles et des militantes politiques, qui ont participé aux manifestations contre le coup d’état, ont été directement ciblées par des groupes armés. Certaines de ces femmes ont été par la suite détenues et soumises à de nouvelles violences sexuelles, en violation de l’Article 5 de la Charte Africaine. En violation de ce même article, le Soudan n’a toujours pas modifié le Code pénal, la loi NISS, et la loi sur les forces militaires afin d’ériger le recours à la torture ou à toute autre forme de châtiment cruel et inhumain en infraction pénale.

Récemment, et en vertu de la loi sur la cybercriminalité de 2022, des défenseuses des droits de l’homme ont fait l’objet de poursuites frivoles et d’accusations criminelles pour avoir plaidé sur différents réseaux sociaux l’arrêt des violences envers les femmes et les filles. La mise en application de cette loi, adoptée durant la période de transition, reflète la volonté persistante des organes et autorités de l’Etat d’intimider et de criminaliser les femmes.

Le déclenchement du conflit armé au Soudan le 15 avril 2023 témoigne des dangers de la militarisation continue et incontrôlée du pays. Selon l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), plus de 400 personnes ont été tuées et des milliers blessées. Au cours des combats, des bâtiments humanitaires et des hôpitaux ont été pillés, entravant l’acheminement d’une aide humanitaire vitale aux personnes vulnérables, forçant des milliers de personnes à fuir leur foyer, et exacerbant une situation déjà difficile dans laquelle les femmes et les filles sont les premières victimes de violence, d’abus et de discrimination.

Somalie

Selon un rapport du Secrétaire Général au Conseil de Sécurité publié en mars 2022 (S/2022/272), 306 cas de violences sexuelles envers des filles ont été confirmés par les Nations Unies en 2021 et 32 cas additionnels vérifiés par la Mission d’Assistance des Nations Unies en Somalie, dont 19 à l’encontre de femmes et 13 envers des filles. Malheureusement, il ne s’agit que des cas confirmés de manière indépendante, et il est probable que le nombre réel de femmes et de filles somaliennes ayant subi des violences sexuelles soit bien plus élevé. La plupart des auteurs de ces violences sont des hommes appartenant aux différents groupes armés, y inclus la police fédérale et régionale, l’armée, des milices, et Al-Shabaab. Dans un rapport non publié, le Somali Women Development Centre, une organisation non-gouvernementale locale travaillant avec des survivantes de violences sexuelles, a répertorié 2176 cas de violences sexuelles en 2021 et 2343 en 2022. Au Somaliland, la Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme a signalé 580 cas de viol en 2022 ; 66% des cas concernaient des filles de moins de 18 ans et 28% des cas uniquement ont été traités par un tribunal de droit statutaire. Ces taux constamment élevés de violences sexuelles sont rendus possible par une culture qui blâme et stigmatise les survivantes et par l’influence croissante d’interprétations misogynes de la Charia qui ont gagné du terrain en Somalie, les militants islamistes ayant élargi leur sphère d’influence en tirant parti de la vulnérabilité causée par l’insécurité alimentaires et la pauvreté.  

A cette idéologie fondamentaliste et politiquement motivée s’ajoutent un engagement faible en faveur des droits des femmes et des filles, une législation inappropriée, et une mise en application limitée. Par conséquent, de nombreux cas de violences sexuelles sont résolus par des tribunaux coutumiers ou islamiques (Charia) dont l’objectif premier est de maintenir la paix entre les clans impliqués plutôt que de rendre justice aux survivantes. Dans de nombreux cas, la décision consiste à forcer la survivante à épouser l’auteur des violences ou à prévoir le règlement d’une amende par le clan de l’auteur au clan de la survivante. Ces options visent à réduire la probabilité de nouvelles violences entre les clans au détriment de l’autonomie et de la sécurité physique des femmes. Cela va à l’encontre desobjectifs de l’Article 16 de la Charte Africaine, qui établit l’engagement de la Somalie à protéger la santé physique et mentale de tous ses citoyens. Au Somaliland, la loi sur le viol et les crimes sexuels adoptée en 2018 n’est toujours pas mise en œuvre en raison des objections formulées par les militants religieux qui ont exigé que le gouvernement suspende l’application de la loi. En Somalie, un projet de loi similaire a été proposé mais jamais adopté. Dans les deux cas, les lois, prometteuses et résultant de consultations avec des militantes des droits des femmes, se sont heurtées à l’opposition des chefs religieux et coutumiers qui sont parvenus à bloquer ces tentatives de réforme juridique.

La Somalie n’a pas encore ratifié le protocole de Maputo. Cette inaction de la part du gouvernement somalien entrave les efforts visant à protéger les femmes contre les violences sexuelles et toutes les formes de discrimination et va à l’encontre des engagement de la Somalie en matière de protection des droits des femmes tels que consacrés par l’article 18 de la Charte Africaine.

Soudan du Sud

SIHA se réjouit de la récente adhésion par le Soudan du Sud au Protocole de Maputo, première étape vers la ratification, mais souligne la nécessité de poursuivre les efforts afin de permettre la pleine ratification et intégration du Protocole dans la loi sud-soudanaise.

Le niveau de violences sexuelles basées sur le genre au Soudan du Sud demeure inquiétant. Un centre de prise en charge à guichet unique géré par SIHA a accueilli 726 survivantes entre janvier 2022 et mars 2023. Ce chiffre, s’il est déjà choquant, ne représente qu’une partie du nombre réel de survivantes, dans la mesure où les taux de signalement continuent d’être faibles. Ceci s’explique non seulement par la stigmatisation des survivantes, mais aussi par le fait qu’elles sont souvent contraintes d’épouser leur agresseur. Cette pratique pour ‘résoudre’ les cas de violences sexuelles est malheureusement courante, en particulier lorsque l’auteur est capable de payer une dot conséquente. Les difficultés économiques engendrées par la pandémie de covid-19 et l’instabilité politique ont également contribué à l’augmentation du nombre de mariages forcés, en particulier de filles de moins de 18 ans, faisant tragiquement de la dot une incitation financière non négligeable pour de nombreuses familles. SIHA a également observé une augmentation inquiétante du recours à la violence physique et parfois à l’incarcération envers les femmes et les filles qui tentent de refuser ou de fuir un mariage forcé.

Le cadre légal sud-soudanais n’apporte que peu de protection aux femmes lors du mariage ou de sa dissolution. La législation nationale ne prévoit pas d’âge légal minimum pour le mariage, bien qu’en pratique, une fille est souvent considérée comme apte à être mariée lorsqu’elle atteint la puberté. Cela est en opposition directe avec l’article 6 du Protocole de Maputo qui établit que tous les mariages nécessitent le « libre et plein consentement des deux parties » et que l’âge minimum du mariage est de 18 ans. Dans la mesure où le viol conjugal n’est pas explicitement criminalisé dans la loi sud-soudanaise, les filles victimes de mariage forcé n’ont aucune protection juridique en cas de viol perpétré par la personne qu’elles ont été forcées d’épouser. L’égalité des droits des hommes et des femmes au sein du mariage n’est pas seulement établie dans l’Article 6 du Protocole de Maputo et l’Article 18 de la Charte Africaine, mais aussi indirectement par la Constitution de transition de 2011 de la République du Soudan du Sud, qui interdit la violence domestique. Malheureusement, ces engagements juridiques sont sapés par la normalisation généralisée du recours à la violence à l’égard des femmes.

L’augmentation des conflits intercommunautaires combinée à des normes de genre répandues qui dépeignent le viol comme un moyen de nuire à une autre communauté dans son ensemble, alimentent les violences sexuelles. Dans un contexte de conflit et de crise économique, de nombreux hommes armés et non payés viennent à considérer le viol des femmes comme une forme de rémunération pour leurs services dans l’armée, les milices ou d’autres groupes de combattants.

Contrairement aux principes inscrits à l’Article 3 de la Charte Africaine, la majorité des cas de violences sexuelles sont résolus dans le cadre du droit traditionnel et coutumier plutôt que par des tribunaux formels. La compétence des tribunaux coutumiers dans les cas de mariage, divorce, viol et autres formes de violences sexuelles est en effet reconnue par le gouvernement sud-soudanais et s’applique aux 64 tribus du pays. Comme c’est le cas dans chacun des pays abordés dans cette déclaration, au Soudan du Sud, la pratique consistant à résoudre les cas de violence sexuelle en dehors des tribunaux formels désavantage les femmes dans la mesure où les tribunaux coutumiers suivent des principes patriarcaux, et qu’il existe peu de mécanismes pour corriger cette perspective biaisée. Par exemple, lorsqu’une fille est violée et que le viol entraine une grossesse, il est courant que le tribunal coutumier exige de l’auteur qu’il épouse la survivante et verse une dot, sans prononcer d’autres sanctions punitives.

Si les femmes du Soudan du Sud se réjouissent de la récente adhésion du pays au Protocole de Maputo, elles encouragent le gouvernement à déposer les instruments de ratification et accélérer la domestication du protocole, conformément à son engagement en faveur de l’égalité des sexes.

Conclusion

En tant que parties à la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, les gouvernements de l’Éthiopie, de la Somalie, du Soudan du Sud et du Soudan doivent être tenus responsables pour leur rôle dans la création d’un environnement propice à l’instabilité et à la violence sexuelle généralisée à l’égard des femmes et des filles, en violation à de nombreux articles de la Charte Africaine, y compris ceux relatifs à la santé physique et mentale (Article 16), la protection des droits des femmes (Article 18) et le droit à la paix et la sécurité (Article 23). En plus de la ratification de la Charte Africaine, ces états ont dans leurs propres constitutions ou en exprimant leur intention de ratifier et incorporer le Protocole de Maputo, affiché un engagement rhétorique à protéger les femmes et les filles contre les pratiques néfastes et discriminatoires comme la violence sexuelle et le mariage précoce.

Nous sommes profondément fiers de la Charte Africaine et du Protocole de Maputo, ces cadres continentaux écrits par et pour les Africains. Nous demandons à la Commission d’utiliser l’influence, les mécanismes et les ressources à sa disposition pour signifier aux gouvernements de l’Éthiopie, de la Somalie, du Soudan du Sud et du Soudan l’urgence et l’importance de ratifier et domestiquer pleinement le Protocole de Maputo, ainsi que de veiller à ce que ces protections ne demeurent pas lettre morte mais changent de manière concrète et sans délai les réalités vécues par les femmes.

Recommandations

Nous concluons cette déclaration par les recommandations suivantes à l’intention de la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples:

  • Soutenir le plaidoyer par le biais de l’Union Africaine afin d’accroitre la redevabilité des états en matière de réduction des violences sexuelles et encourager les réformes politiques nécessaires et le respect de la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples ainsi que d’autres traités et engagements internationaux.

 

  • S’appuyant sur la Résolution 549 sur le renouvellement du mandat de la Commission d’enquête sur la situation dans la région du Tigré de la République fédérale démocratique d’Éthiopie – ACHPR/Res.549 (EXT.OS/ XXXVI) 2023 – faire pression sur le gouvernement éthiopien pour qu’il :
  1. Intègre pleinement les dispositions du Protocole à la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples relatif aux droits des femmes en Afrique (Protocole de Maputo) dans la loi nationale et lève toutes les réserves au Protocole.
  2. Enquête sur l’utilisation de la violence sexuelle contre les femmes comme arme de guerre et traduise les auteurs de violence devant la justice.
  3. Fournisse une prise en charge holistique aux survivantes de violences sexuelles.
  4. Accélère le processus de mise en œuvre de l’Accord pour une Paix Durable, en particulier l’Article 4 sur la protection des civils.

 

  • S’appuyant sur la Résolution 548 sur les coups d’état, les transitions militaires et les violations des droits de l’homme et des peuples qui en découlent au Burkina Faso, en Guinée, au Mali et au Soudan – ACHPR/Res.548 (LXXIII) 2022 – faire pression sur le gouvernement du Soudan pour qu’il :
  1. Applique un cessez-le-feu immédiat sur l’ensemble du territoire.
  2. Entame un processus de transition sur le court et le moyen terme, qui implique les femmes et la société civile, afin de rétablir la paix et d’instaurer un système stable et démocratique de gouvernance.
  3. Ratifie sans réserve le Protocole à la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples relatif aux droits des femmes en Afrique (Protocole de Maputo).
  4. Mette en œuvre la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples et la Convention contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants.
  5. Modifie le Code pénal et la loi de procédure pénale pour protéger les survivantes contre les accusations d’adultère et leur garantir l’accès à la justice au travers de procès formels qui respectent les garanties d’une procédure légale régulière.
  6. Modifie la loi sur le service national du renseignement et de sécurité et la loi sur les forces militaires afin d’abolir l’impunité pour toutes les formes de violence et de harcèlement (y compris la violence sexuelle) commises par le personnel militaire et du secteur de la sécurité contre des civils.
  7. Promulgue des lois visant à protéger les femmes qui signalent des violences sexuelles et leur fournir une prise en charge appropriée.
  8. Renforce les mécanismes d’enquête et de poursuite des auteurs de violence.

 

  • Faire pression sur le gouvernement somalien pour qu’il :
  1. Ratifie sans réserve et nationalise le Protocole à la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples relatif aux droits des femmes en Afrique (Protocole de Maputo).
  2. Promulgue le projet de loi sur les infractions sexuelles porté par les activistes et organisations de défense des droits des femmes et la société civile en Somalie et au Somaliland.
  3. S’assure que les auteurs de violence sexuelle au sein de l’appareil sécuritaire, des forces militarisées et autres groupes en présence soient tenus responsables de leurs actes.
  4. Traite les cas de violence sexuelle au sein de tribunaux formels et limite et décourage le recours aux tribunaux coutumiers.

 

  • S’appuyant sur la Résolution 542 sur la situation des droits de l’homme en République du Soudan du Sud – ACHPR/Res.542 (LXXIII) 2022 – Faire pression sur le gouvernement du Soudan du Sud pour qu’il :
  1. Accélère le processus de ratification sans réserve et de domestication du Protocole à la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples relatif aux droits de la femme en Afrique (Protocole de Maputo).
  2. Renforce les mécanismes de redevabilité pour mettre fin à l’impunité dont bénéficient les auteurs de violences sexuelles.
  3. Mette fin au mariage des filles de moins de 18 ans et à toutes les formes de mariage forcé.
  4. Fournisse une prise en charge holistique aux survivantes qui souhaitent échapper à un mariage forcé.
  5. Libère immédiatement toutes les femmes et les filles qui sont actuellement détenues ou incarcérées pour avoir tenté de refuser ou fuir un mariage forcé.
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Ayan Mohamed Djama

Legal and Social Consultant

Ayan Mohamed Djama is a Legal and Social Consultant with strong expertise in judicial, port, and associative matters, and solid experience in designing, managing, and evaluating high-impact social, legal, and educational programmes. Internationally trained in Senegal, Kenya, France, and the United States, she supports NGOs, institutions, and private sector actors while leading community initiatives focused on the training, empowerment, and leadership of young women, girls, and youth to foster more just, inclusive, and resilient societies.

Bibiana Joseph Awad

SOUTH SUDAN PROJECTS OFFICER

Bibiana Joseph Awad holds a Master’s degree in Education in Emergency from the University of Juba. She is an activist and the Projects Officer at the SIHA Network in South Sudan, where she oversees critical initiatives focused on supporting survivors of gender-based violence (GBV). Bibiana manages the One Stop Centre at Wau Teaching Hospital, a facility that provides comprehensive services to GBV survivors, including medical care, psychosocial support, and legal assistance. She works closely with local communities, healthcare providers, legal institutions, and women’s coalitions to address the urgent challenges of GBV in South Sudan.

Through the One Stop Centre, Bibiana has strengthened the capacity of service providers and protection groups while advocating for the rights of women and girls affected by violence. In her free time, she enjoys reading books, listening to music, and engaging on social media.

Jackie Bless Pinyoloya

UGANDA PROJECT OFFICER

Jackie Bless Pinyoloya is the Project Officer at SIHA Network in Uganda; where she passionately champions feminist principles and gender justice. With a solid foundation in gender issues, advocacy, and economic empowerment for women, Jackie brings a wealth of expertise, particularly in the informal sector.

Currently pursuing a Master’s Degree in Gender Studies at Makerere University School of Women and Gender Studies, Jackie is committed to advancing her knowledge and understanding of gender dynamics. She also holds a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Social Sciences with a major in Gender Studies from Makerere University Kampala, reflecting her dedication to exploring and addressing social inequalities.

In her role, Jackie combines her academic background with practical experience, contributing significantly to the organization’s mission of promoting gender equality and empowerment. Her dedication to feminist principles is evident in her work towards creating positive change in the lives of women in Arua and beyond.

Adla Abubker

SUDAN PROTECTION & EMERGENCY RESPONSE COORDINATOR

Adla Abubker is a women’s rights activist from Sudan with more than 15 years’ experience of working toward gender equality in Sudan. She holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Rural Development from Ahfad University for Women in Sudan. Her areas of expertise include working with grassroots communities, women’s economic empowerment, gender activism and negotiating with men to change inequitable attitudes.

Currently, Ms Abubker a Program Officer with SIHA in Sudan, where she oversees SIHA’s work on building women movement, and women in Islam, reforming gender-discriminatory legislation, and engaging youth on issues of gender, religion, and race. She believes that the link between religion and law is in dire need of reform, and that discriminatory interpretations of Islam are a root cause of violence against women in Sudan.

Neimat Abas

SUDAN COUNTRY COORDINATOR

Neimat Abas brings over ten years of experience in the nonprofit sector. She holds a bachelor’s degree in law from Juba University and a master’s degree in Gender and Governance from Ahfad University for Women in Sudan, where her research focused on women’s political participation at the local level. Neimat is currently the Coordinator for the SIHA Network in Sudan.

Before joining SIHA Network, Neimat worked with the Arab Association for Constitutional Law in Tunisia, Oxfam America in Sudan, and Women for Women International in Washington, DC. She has played a key role in the development, implementation, and ongoing enhancement of high-quality women’s empowerment programs in eight conflict-affected countries.

Neimat has also been actively involved in the leadership of the Students Association and various political and civil society organizations for several years. As a result, she has developed strong skills in working with university students to organize political campaigns, raise public awareness about civil rights, and build democratic organizations and institutions.

Yousef Ahmed Abdi (Timacade)

SOMALI REGION PROGRAMME COORDINATOR

Yousef Ahmed Abdi (Timacade) is a Lawyer and Legal Analyst holding a Master’s Degree in Law and Executive Management. Over the past decade, he has consistently demonstrated dedication through his work with national and international non-governmental organizations, focusing on critical areas such as human rights, program management, and research within Somalia and Somaliland.

Currently serving as the Somali Region Programme Coordinator for the SIHA Network, Yousef embodies not only legal prowess but also a deep commitment to women’s human rights advocacy. He is also known for his prolific blogging and commentary, dedicated to raising awareness about human rights issues. His unwavering dedication to gender equality propels him into the role of advocate for marginalized communities, striving to amplify their voices and effect transformative change. Yousef specializes in championing egalitarian ideals and advancing progressive reforms in the Somali region, with a particular emphasis on achieving gender parity.

Yousef is a valued member of the editorial board of the Women in Islam journal. His numerous writings delve into the intricacies of human rights, particularly those affecting Muslim women.

Zemdena Abebe

ETHIOPIA PROGRAM COORDINATOR

Zemdena Abebe is the founder of Afri-colors, a social-enterprise startup, curating made-in-Africa products, crafted by women. As a Pan-Africanist -womanist- she refuses to be erased and amplifies the voices of women through her research, writing, multimedia -storytelling, organizing, and activism: disrupting intersecting oppressive systems. Her social justice advocacy work started in high school; Chaired Addis Ababa Girls’ Forum– which facilitated discussions amongst girls laying the foundation for legislative intervention against sexual abuse in Ethiopia. As the first women president of Addis Ababa University Students’ Union: she reaffirmed the need and organized various youth-led movements despite the hostile university context. One of the 22 young African women selected as part of the writing for social change workshop organized by AWDF and FEMRITE in Kampala, Uganda. An alumnus of the prestigious Mandela Washington Fellowship.

Amongst her multilayered affiliations, she sits on the advisory council of ActionAid Ethiopia. Previously, she worked with UNICEF Ethiopia and consulted many other local and international organizations such as the EU, FEMNET.HBF, FHS, TRUST AFRICA, etc. Volunteered for the African Union (African Academy of languages in Bamako, Mali: as a research and Marketing Assistant. Zemdena is a graduate of Political Science & International Relations, who often likes to dance her way to freedom. Asserting the notion that African women, girls & non-binary folks have the right to a life free of heteronormative -capitalist -anti-black -patriarchal terror based on their overlapping otherness: her work reaffirms that human progress is achieved through imagining a better world through the realization of a transnational strong justice-centered human kinship. Zemdena’s writings of resistance can be found on Pambazuka, Africa is a Country, HBF, African Feminism et al

Ramatoulie Isatou Jallow

REGIONAL ADVOCACY & RESEARCH OFFICER

Ramatoulie Isatou Jallow (L.L.M Graduate in National Security Law, Georgetown, 2023 and in Human Rights and Democratization in Africa University of Pretoria, Centre for Human Rights, 2021) is a peace practitioner and attorney from Botswana and the Gambia, specializing in human rights, democratization, national security, conflict prevention and women, peace and security. In her previous professional experiences, she worked for the African Union, the United States Institute for Peace, and the Georgetown Center for National Security. Immediately before joining SIHA Network, Ramatoulie was also the Mary Frances Berry Senior Fellow at the Center for Ethics and Rule of Law, affiliated with the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania. Here she led research on the military coups in the Sahel and West African region, civic education in the military and indefinite detention.

Her publications include Covid- 19 and Intrastate Armed Conflicts in Africa, Beyond the Outbreak: Creating a Sustainable Peace Culture in Botswana and Intergenerational Peacebuilding Among Women: Leveraging the Power of Collaboration, which she co-authored.

Outside of work, Ramatoulie is an avid reader, lover of poetry, culture, art and music.

Martin Maate Bwambale

REGIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE OFFICER

Martin Maate Bwambale is the Regional Human Resource Officer at SIHA Network, with over 8 years of progressive HR experience in both the private and not-for-profit sectors across the Greater Horn of Africa. As a member of the Human Resource Managers Association of Uganda, Martin is passionate about creating human capital-centric environments that foster a positive employee experience and contribute to the achievement of organizational goals. He is dedicated to helping individuals unlock their potential and become better versions of themselves by implementing sound HR practices and policies.

One of Martin’s key accomplishments includes serving as the Chairperson of the HR COVID-19 SOP Taskforce Committee, which was established by the Uganda INGO Country Directors Forum. He played a vital role in drafting standard operating procedures for workplace COVID-19 prevention, response, and control, as well as work-from-home policies, which were adopted in 2022.

Martin holds a Bachelor of Business Administration in Production and Operations from Bugema University and is currently pursuing a Master of Business Administration in Human Resource Management at Cavendish University.

Outside of his professional life, Martin enjoys playing soccer with C Club, a corporate soccer team in Kampala, Uganda, for health, leisure, and networking. He is also passionate about singing and traveling.

REGIONAL SENIOR FINANCE OFFICER

REGIONAL SENIOR FINANCE OFFICER

Sauda Kayaga is SIHA Network’s Regional Senior Finance Officer. A trained Statistician, she holds a bachelor’s degree in Statistics from Makerere University. Sauda has 2 years of experience in statistical research and analysis, 3 years in cashiering and banking, and over 5 years in project financial management. She has a strong aptitude for working with complex financial modelling and analysis and a deep understanding of financial systems and procedures. Sauda is highly passionate about her work and brings a keen attention to detail and expertise to every aspect of her role.

Justine Namuyanja

REGIONAL PROCUREMENT & COMPLIANCE OFFICER

Justine Namuyanja is the Procurement & Compliance Officer at SIHA Network, bringing over a decade of experience to the organization. Throughout her career at SIHA, she has made significant contributions to the finance, procurement, administration, human resources, and compliance sectors. Justine has consistently demonstrated her ability to manage procurement processes efficiently while ensuring compliance with both internal and external standards. Her expertise also includes optimizing operational workflows and improving the transparency and efficiency of financial systems, all of which are essential to the success of SIHA’s work. Justine’s role is also critical in upholding the integrity and accountability of SIHA’s operations.

Sandra Nassali

REGIONAL ADVOCACY & COMMUNICATIONS COORDINATOR

Sandra is an accomplished communication professional passionate about building knowledge and conducting strategic advocacy initiatives that advance the rights of women and girls.

In addition to feminist activism works, she has, in the last 15 years, pursued her career ambitions in areas of climate change mitigation and adaptation, agriculture and food security, social enterprise development, public health, as well as ICT for Development.

Sandra holds a Master of Arts in Development Journalism and Communication (Strategic & Corporate Communication Management major), plus a Bachelor of Mass Communication (Public Relations & Marketing major) from Makerere University in Kampala Uganda.

Furthermore, she holds a Post Graduate Diploma in ICT for Development and Social Good from the Spanish Telecentres and ICT Spaces Academy in Spain.

Twitter: @SandraNassali

Shinaz Rehema Ali-Zaids

REGIONAL GRANTS AND CAPACITY BUILDING COORDINATOR

Shinaz Rehema Ali-Zaids (She/Her) is a passionate and dedicated advocate for social justice. Her professional journey has focused on women’s rights, marginalized communities, natural resource governance, and climate change. With over a decade of experience in the women’s funding sector, she has offered strategic guidance to international organizations on community-driven, participatory grantmaking.

Deeply committed to her local Nubian community, Shinaz actively engages in local initiatives and serves on various boards to amplify the voices of marginalized groups. Her work addressing human rights gaps at the grassroots level has shaped her passion for strengthening social systems that protect the rights of vulnerable populations. A strong advocate for wellness, Shinaz prioritizes self-care and collective care within teams, recognizing that sustainable social change is rooted in both individual and collective well-being.

Throughout her career, Shinaz has collaborated closely with women to develop long-term, sustainable solutions to their most pressing needs. Her expertise in movement building has been key to expanding programs across diverse regions of Africa. In her current role as the Regional Grants and Capacity Building Coordinator, she supports SIHA Network’s country teams in executing impactful work and scaling their initiatives. Shinaz also provides critical support to women and communities in conflict and post-conflict settings, ensuring their safety, security, and ongoing activism in advancing women’s rights.

Mercy Apiyo Owuor

REGIONAL COORDINATOR: MONITORING, EVALUATION & LEARNING

Mercy is a Public Health Professional with a keen interest in gender equality, equity, and social inclusion. She has over 15 years of experience in programme design and management, as well as monitoring, learning, and evaluation.

This is expertise Mercy has gathered by managing and coordinating multiple projects while working with government entities and civil society organisations at the grassroots, national, and international levels.

Mercy holds a Master of Community Health and Development from the Great Lakes University of Kisumu, and a Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology from Moi University in Eldoret Kenya.

Twitter: @MercyOwuor2

Mayada Eltayeb

HEAD OF FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION

Mayada Eltayeb is the Head of Finance and Administration at SIHA Network. She joined the organization in 2008 with over a decade of experience in finance and organizational management, leading SIHA’s strategic financial planning and resource management. Born in Sudan and raised in the United Arab Emirates, Mayada earned her bachelor’s degree in accounting from Ahfad University in Sudan in 2005.

Before joining SIHA, she had gained extensive experience working with various audit and accounting firms, refining her skills in financial analysis and reporting. Under her leadership, SIHA’s Finance and Administration division has strengthened financial processes and policies, ensuring compliance, transparency, and the effective allocation of resources. Mayada’s efforts have been pivotal in supporting the organization’s sustainability and operational excellence. She has also completed several specialized training courses in NGO financial management in Uganda and South Africa, further enhancing her expertise and leadership capabilities.

Faizat Badmus-Busari

REGIONAL PROGRAMME MANAGER

Faizat Badmus-Busari is the Regional Programme Manager at SIHA Network. With a strong background in program management and a Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD) degree from Emory University School of Law, she expertly navigates the crossroads of gender, law, religion, and social justice, serving marginalized communities, especially women and girls.

Before SIHA, Faizat held significant positions in international organizations like The Carter Center and various United Nations agencies. There, she managed projects ranging from grassroots efforts to global initiatives, focusing on gender equity, social inclusion, democracy, and human rights. At SIHA, she oversees the network’s regional programs, ensuring the mission and vision are effectively carried out across the Horn of Africa. Faizat brings her extensive gender-transformative, legal, and program management expertise to the role. Guided by a belief in collective action and intersectional feminism, Faizat collaborates with organizations and partners to promote women’s rights, peacebuilding, and social justice in the region.

Hala Al-Karib

REGIONAL DIRECTOR

Hala Al karib was born and raised in Sudan and later lived in Canada. She currently lives and works in Uganda. She has lived and worked in South Sudan, Kenya and Egypt as well the Eastern and Horn of Africa for over 20 years. Hala’s work specifically focuses on women and girls rights activism and social movement as well as refugees and displaced persons and minority community’s challenges. She has wide and comprehensive expertise on the Horn and Eastern Africa regions, as a civil society worker/activist, and social and gender research practitioner. Her educational background is on Human rights, women studies and Psychology. In addition to her work as the Regional Director of SIHA Network, she worked for various international and regional organizations/institutions among them; The College of Social & Economic Studies, Juba University in South Sudan where she worked as a Research Assistant; The sociology department at the American University in Cairo as an Assistant Researcher; Immigrant Women of Saskatchewan Inc. in Canada as the Program Director; Trocaire, an Irish Organization as Grant Officer based in Sudan. She has also worked as a consultant with various international and UN Humanitarian organizations, including; Goal Ireland, World University Services, Accord International and Concern International.

She is a regular contributor to many online and print media outlets. Her writing is focused on activism, women’s rights and social justice. Some of her recent articles are published in: Aljazeera, Open Democracy, Sudan Tribune The Pambazuka, the New Humanitarian and the East African Newspaper. She is the Editorial head of SIHA Journal – Women in Islam in the Horn of Africa (Arabic & English).

Twitter: @Halayalkarib

Kadra Omar

Kadra is a Social Worker from Djibouti currently working with the Ministry of the Promotion of Women & Family Welfare & Social Affairs- Djibouti. She is also a member of the Djiboutian Women’s Union. Kadra currently serves on the Program Advisory.

Dr. Lyn Ossome

Dr. Lyn Ossome is the Director of the Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR), Makerere University. She received her PhD in Political Studies from Wits University. Her specializations and taught courses are in the fields of feminist political economy and feminist political theory, with particular research interests in land and agrarian studies, gendered labour, queer feminist histories and the political economy of gendered violence. She currently serves on the Program Advisory

Aluel Atem

Aluel Atem is a seasoned development economist, blogger, and African Feminist Activist hailing from South Sudan. With over eight years of dedicated experience, her primary focus has been on gender and conflict transformation. Currently serving as a Senior Program Officer at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), Aluel holds the role of USIP’s In-country (Kenya) lead for the Border Security Training Program (BSTP). In addition to her role at USIP, Aluel is a co-founder of two women’s rights initiatives: Ma’ Mara Sakit Village and Crown the Woman-South Sudan, both based in South Sudan.

Rose Baryamutuma

Rose is a programme monitoring and evaluation expert with over 15 years of experience providing specialized services for program design, organization capacity assessments, facilitating training and M&E. She has also provided technical support to institutions to develop and cost strategic plans. Rose has broad research experience/evaluation in the areas of HIV and AIDS, Sexual and Reproductive Health. As GBV Focal Person she provides technical support to the GBV National TWG on general program and M&E specifically.

Kimberley Armstrong

Kimberley Armstrong holds a PhD in Anthropology from McGill University in Canada. Her research focused on transitional justice, conflict, and displacement in Northern Uganda, with previous studies on rural-to-urban migration of women in Senegal. She is currently working with the Ministry of Social Development and Poverty Reduction in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, as the Manager of Program Evaluation and Reporting. Prior to joining the Ministry, she served as SIHA Network’s Regional Programmes Manager for over six years.

Jemimah Naburri-Kaheru

Currently serving as the Association for Women’s Rights in Development [AWID]’s Deputy Director of Human Resources, is an accomplished international Human Rights [HR] strategist with a significant experience in the Horn of Africa region. With a background in Development Studies from Makerere University (Uganda) and an ongoing MBA in Human Resource Management, Jemimah is dedicated to continuous professional development. Her contributions to building high-performance workforces and her leadership in international HR make her an invaluable asset to any global enterprise. Additionally, Jemimah serves as the Program Advisor, supporting with operations at SIHA Network.

Abdifatah Hassan Ali

Abdifatah is a Somali human rights defender with extensive experience in advocacy within the civil society arena. He is the Founder of the Digital Shelter – a local initiative founded in March 2018 by activists who are passionate about the intersection between technology and human rights in Somalia with the aim of promoting digital safety, digital rights and inclusion and internet freedom in the growing digital civic space of Somalia. He holds a Masters Degree in Human rights. Currently works for the UN as a Human rights officer in Somalia

Guleid Ahmed Jama

​Guleid is an active human rights defender and an Attorney at law the Xaqdoon Law Firm​, based​ in Somaliland. He is the ​C​o-founder and former ​C​hairperson of Human Rights Center (HRC), a human rights advocacy organization ​also based in Somaliland. ​​Guleid currently serv​es​ as a Program Advisor.

Asmahan Hassen

Ms. Asmahan is one of the founders of SIHA, currently serving as Advisor to the SIHA Board. She is currently Chairperson of Nagaad Network in Somaliland. She has also served as Chairperson of the Somaliland Women’s Research and Action Group (SOWRAG). Asmahan is actively involved in the Somaliland women rights arena as a women human rights defender. Her tenure spans 23 years. She is a graduate of Arts and Humanities from the University of Khartoum.

Peace Twine Kyamureku

Peace Twine Kyamureku is the Executive Director of the Ruth Fund Uganda. She is a secondary school teacher by profession, holding a Master of Arts Degree from Makerere University and has trained in Gender, Human Rights and Civil Society Studies. She currently serves on the Advisory to the SIHA Board.

Saba Gebremedhin

Saba is currently the Executive Director of the Network of Ethiopian Women’s Associations (NEWA), a member organization of SIHA Network. Saba is a Lawyer in the Ethiopian Courts of Law by training and profession having served as a Special Prosecutor. She is also one of the founders of the Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA). In her tenure, she has served as a Consultant at the IGAD Gender Unit and the African Union Women, Gender and Development Directorate (WGDD).

Kaltun Hassan

Ms. Kaltun is a Gender Expert and Women Rights Activist from Somaliland. She has served in a number of positions within civil society organizations advocating for, and working in women’s rights, gender equality, and peace-building. She serves on the Board of Directors of Women Advocacy and Progress organization (WAAPO). Kaltun was recently re-elected as the only woman on the Somaliland Electoral Commission.

Fadwo Hassan

Fadwo Hassan Jimale is a Somali woman rights activist with experience spanning 10 years in gender-mainstreaming and social protection of women and children in Somalia. I have Ten (10) years’ experience in excellence of general protection and development of gender mainstreaming. Her experience in GBV survivor work in Somalia has necessitated her participation in women’s movement-building work particularly with the women and Child Cluster in Somalia. Fadwo has represented SIHA in a number of national and regional spaces contributing to SIHA’s mandate of advocating for the acknowledgment of women rights in view of the lived realities of women and girls in the region.

Rigbe Gebrehewariat Hagos

Rigbe is a passionate women rights activist from Ethiopia, trained as a Lawyer and Social Worker, who has dedicated her career to advocating for people with disabilities, especially women. She works to spread awareness about people with disabilities and what they are able to achieve. She is the Co-founder and treasurer of Ethiopian Lawyers with Disabilities Association (ELDA), Co-founder and board chair of Setawit and a member of the United Nations Women Civil Society Advisory Group She is also a 2016 Mandela Washington Fellow. Rigbe sits on the Board of Directors of the Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA) – a member of SIHA Network. She currently serves on the SIHA Board of Directors.

Zabib Loro Musa

Zabib Loro Musa is the Executive Director of Women for Justice and Equality (WOJE), a feminist advocacy organization dedicated to advancing and advocating for the rights of women in marginalized communities across South Sudan. At WOJE, she leads the organization’s efforts to implement the Women’s Peace and Security agenda in grassroots communities throughout South Sudan.

Keltun Qasim

Kaltun Qasim is the Director of Women’s Human Rights Education and Environment in Somaliland. Her organization works in different rural and urban centres in Somaliland and has been a member of SIHA for more than 10 years.

Lillian Byarugaba Adriko

Lilian Byarugaba Adriko is the CEO of FIDA-Uganda and is a very well known woman advocate and rights defender in the country playing a significant role in improving the status of women by promoting their socio-economic rights and justice and advancing gender equality within Uganda.

Omayma Elmardi

Ms. Omayma Amin Elmardi is the Director at the National Sudanese Women Association (NSWA) a member organisation of SIHA Network. She holds a Bachelors of Science from Cairo University – Khartoum branch, a Post-graduate Diploma in Development Studies and a Master of Science in Development Planning from the Development Studies and Research Institute (DSRI) University of Khartoum. Omayma currently serves as the Chairperson of the SIHA Board of Directors.