SIHA, Together with 96 Other Civil Society Organizations Urgently Appeal for a 2 Year Extension on the Mandate of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan

To Permanent Representatives of Member and Observer States of the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council (Geneva, Switzerland)

14 August 2025

Sudan: Extend the mandate of the Fact-Finding Mission for two more years

Your Excellencies,

Ahead of the UN Human Rights Council’s 60^th session (8 Sep­tem­ber-8 October 2025), we, the un­der­si­gned civil society orga­ni­sa­tions, write to urge your delegation to support a mandate extension for the Inde­pen­dent International Fact-Fin­ding Mission (FFM) for the Sudan.

In light of the serious violations of international law committed by all parties to the conflict, inclu­ding alarming rates of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) against women and girls, and of the on­­going need to collect and preserve evidence and identify those responsible with a view to en­su­ring that they are held accountable, the next Council resolution on Sudan should extend the FFM’s man­­date for at least two years. It should also re­quest the FFM to regu­larly re­port to the Council in the framework of public debates on Sudan’s human rights situation.

By adopting resolution 57/2,[1] in October 2024, the Council did not only extend the FFM’s mandate; it re­co­gnised the link between im­punity and cycles of violence in Sudan. The voting result (23 in favour, 12 against) showed broad support across all regional groups for the FFM’s work and sent a clear message in favour of ongoing inves­ti­gations and accoun­tability.

The current conflict is now in its third year. Since fighting erupted between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and their allied forces, on 15 April 2023, tens of thou­sands of civi­lians have been killed and over 13 million have been displaced, which makes Sudan the world’s largest dis­­pla­cement crisis. Over 10.7 million people (or nearly a quar­ter of Su­dan’s po­pulation) have been internally displaced, a figure that includes over two million new dis­pla­ce­ments in the first quart­er of 2025 alone.[2]

The humanitarian crisis is worsening. As of mid-June 2025, 30 million people needed lifesaving aid. According to a UN official, the health system has been “smashed to pieces, with cholera, measles and other diseases spreading,” while “hos­pi­tals and displacement camps have been attacked, critical infra­structure destroyed, and aid trucks hit, preventing them from getting food and essential supplies to those in such desperate need.”[3] With the war continuing unabated and no signs of reprieve for civilians as both parties escalate their violence, and as all sides are targeting local responders, activists, and journalists, Sudan is on the verge of collapse,[4] with catastrophic consequences for the protection of civilians.

Twenty-eight months after the start of the conflict, parties continue to show utter disregard for inter­national humani­tarian law, international human rights law, and their commitments under the Jeddah Dec­la­ration of Com­mit­ment to Protect the Ci­vilians of Sudan. Violations they are responsible for, some of which may amount to crimes under in­ter­national law, include targeted and indiscriminate attacks against civi­lians and civilian objects, ar­bitrary detention, torture, enforced disappearances,[5] extrajudicial exe­cu­tions and other unlaw­ful killings, wide­spread sexual violence against women and girls, and ethnically moti­va­ted attacks, inclu­ding in Darfur, by RSF and allied Arab militias, against Masalit and other non-Arab communities.[6]

SGBV is being committed systematically against the bodies of women and girls. Because deliberate obs­truc­tions to humanitarian assistance as well as armed attacks on medical objects and personnel causes constraints in the provision of key health services and psychosocial support, survivors of sexual vio­lence are unable to receive the care they need. Numerous victims of gang rape have died as a result of their injuries or by suicide.[7]

In its oral update to the Council, in June 2025, the FFM described a “brutal, multifaceted and increasingly complex conflict” whose shifting dynamics include revenge killings and reprisals. It added that “[w]hat began as a political and security crisis has become a grave human rights and protection em­er­gency, mar­ked by international crimes, that stain all involved.” It stressed that “[i]t is unconscionable that this de­vastating war is entering its third year with no sign of resolution.”

The FFM called on the in­ter­­na­tional com­munity to implement an arms embargo and ensure those res­ponsible for serious vio­la­tions are held ac­countable. Stressing that it had documented an “increased use of heavy weaponry in populated areas and a sharp rise in sexual and gender-based vio­lence,” it said hu­ma­nitarian relief was being “wea­po­nized” and hospitals and medical facilities were “under siege.” The FFM also made clear that “[t]he scale of hu­man suffering continue[d] to deepen.”[8]

Nowhere is safe, and civilians bear the brunt of the conflict. They continue to be targeted for killings, through direct and indiscriminate attacks, artillery shelling and air­stri­kes,[9] sexual violence, abductions and looting. Women and girls have been facing “esca­la­ting risks of gang rape, sexual slavery, trafficking, and forced marriage, parti­cu­larly in Al Gezira, [Sennar], Darfur, and South Kordofan.”[10]

Attacks against civi­lians have been reported in, among others, displacement camps and markets in Khar­toum, Omdurman, Darfur, South Kordofan, and North Kordofan.[11]

Recent months have witnessed an increase in the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), including ag­ainst humanitarian convoys and civilian infrastructure.[12] A rise in extrajudicial exe­cutions of civilians has also been reported in North Darfur and Khartoum State, including as part of retaliatory attacks against people accused of having “collaborated” with parties to the conflict.[13]

Against this backdrop, and despite ongoing challenges related to the UN’s liquidity crisis and Sudanese authorities’ continued refusal to allow its members and secretariat access to the country, the FFM has been able to carry out its work. It has continued to conduct interviews with sources, receive submissions, verify videos, geolocate attacks, and compile dossiers identifying possible perpetrators. It has carried out investigative missions to neighbouring countries and engaged in consultations with African Union (AU) offi­cials[14] and civil society. It has also initiated cooperation with relevant judicial entities[15] and is man­dated to “cooperate and share best practice with other international, regional and domestic accountability initiatives, as and when these are established, as appropriate.”[16]

The FFM remains a critical international mechanism with the mandate, resources, expertise and expe­ri­ence to in­dependently investigate and report on violations committed throughout Sudan, and that prio­ri­tises accountability. The FFM’s ex­per­tise includes the ability to use methodologies, tools, and methods of work to document, investigate and establish the facts, circum­stances and root causes of violations, collect and preserve evidence, and identify perpetrators even with­out access to Sudan’s territory. The (SAF-aligned) Sudanese authorities’ refusal to cooperate with the FFM, despite Sudan’s commitment as a Human Rights Council Member and pursuant to UN General Assembly reso­lu­tion 60/251 to “uphold the highest standards in the promotion and protection of human rights” and “fully cooperate with the Council,” does not and will not prevent the FFM from fulfilling its mandate.[17]

~     ~     ~

As the FFM highlighted in its June 2025 update: “One message emerged with resounding clarity: peace without justice is an illusion. Accountability is not a luxury; it is a prerequisite for a sustai­nable peace in Sudan as its very absence is amongst the key root causes of conflict. The preparations for justice should therefore begin now, and any peace agreement must address issues of justice.”

Investigations and public reporting remain indispensable, with a continued strong focus on inves­ti­­gating the current atrocities, including crimes of SGBV perpetrated against the Sudanese people, par­ti­cularly women and girls, by the warring parties.

As Sudan’s conflict is ongoing and egre­gious violations con­ti­nue to be committed by all parties to the conflict, with further needs for col­lection and preservation of evidence and identification of per­petrators, there is no other option for the Council but to extend the FFM’s mandate. 

At its upcoming 60^th session, the Human Rights Council should therefore:

• Extend the mandate of the FFM, in full, for two years;
• Request the FFM to provide the Human Rights Council with oral updates on its work at its 62^nd and 65^th sessions, to be followed by enhanced interactive dialogues that should include the participation of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, representatives of the Afri­can Union, the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide, ci­vil society, victims and survivors and other relevant stakeholders, and com­pre­hensive reports at its 63^rd and 66^th sessions, to be followed by interactive dialogues, and to present the reports to the General Assembly at its 81^st and 82^nd sessions;
• Recommend that the General Assembly submit the reports of the FFM to the Security Coun­­cil for its consideration and appropriate action in order that those responsible for human rights violations, including those that may amount to crimes under international law, are held to account, including through the expansion of the International Criminal Court’s ju­ris­diction to cover the entire territory of Sudan and consideration of the scope for effective and targeted measures, including against those who appear to be most respon­sible for these crimes, taking into account the relevant conclusions and recommendations of the FFM;
• Call upon all parties concerned, including United Nations bodies, to consider implementa­tion of the recommendations made by the FFM in its reports in order to address the dire situation of human rights in Sudan;
• Invite the FFM to consider ways of briefing all relevant United Nations bodies, including the Security Council; and
• Make clear that the Human Rights Council will remain actively seized of the matter, including by assessing the situation in Sudan and appropriate responses, which could include further ex­ten­sions of the FFM’s mandate.

A two-year extension for the FFM’s mandate does not mean that the HRC should remain silent about Sudan for two years. Notwithstanding the proposed mandate extension, with associated reporting re­qui­rements, until the Council’s 66^th ses­sion (September 2027), the Council should adopt a resolu­tion on Su­dan at its 63^rd session (September 2026), taking stock of developments and following up on its action on the country to date. This should be a proactive initiative aimed at bringing violations and impu­nity to an end and advancing human rights and accountability in Sudan.

Furthermore, we urge the Council to follow up on resolutions S-32/1, 50/1, S-36/1, 54/2, and 57/2 by requesting additional reporting by the High Commissioner, with the assistance of his designated Expert, be­yond the Council’s 61^st session (February-April 2026).[18] The Council should:

• Request the High Commissioner, with the assistance of the Expert on human rights in the Sudan, to submit to the Human Rights Council at its 64^th and 67^th sessions comprehensive re­ports on the situation of human rights in the Sudan and on violations and abuses com­mit­ted by all parties to the conflict, to be followed by interactive dialogues with the par­ticipation of the High Commissioner and the Expert.

Finally, we urge States to pay their contributions to the UN in full and on time to mitigate the li­­qui­dity crisis and allow the FFM for Sudan, other independent investigations, and human rights bodies and mechanisms to fulfil their respective mandates, including by delivering outcomes and reports requested by intergovernmental bodies such as the Human Rights Council.

We thank you for your attention to these pressing issues and stand ready to provide your delegation with further information as required.

Sincerely,

1. Act for Sudan
2. Adeela for Culture And Art
3. Advocacy Network for Africa
4. African Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies (ACDHRS)
5. African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS)
6. AfricanDefenders (Pan-African Human Rights Defenders Network)
7. Africans for the Horn of Africa (Af4HA)
8. Afri-Sud Monitors for Human Rights Violations
9. Alalg Center for Press Services
10. Al-Jazeera Observatory for Human Rights (JOHR)
11. Alliance for Peacebuilding
12. American Friends Service Committee
13. Amnesty International
14. Anaka Women’s Collective for Refugees and Asylum Seekers
15. ARTICLE 19 (A19)
16. Atrocities Watch Africa (AWA)
17. AWAFY Sudanese Organization
18. Burkinabè Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CBDDH)
19. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS)
20. Central Minnesota Community Empowerment Organization
21. CIVICUS
22. Coalition for Genocide Response
23. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)
24. Community Development for Progress Organization
25. Connection e.V.
26. Consortium of Ethiopian Human Rights Organizations (CEHRO Ethiopia)
27. CSW (Christian Solidarity Worldwide)
28. Darfur Bar Association
29. Darfuri Civil Society Bloc (Kamad)
30. Darfur Victims Support Organization (DVSO)
31. Darfur Women Action Group (DWAG)
32. Darfur Women HRDs Coalition
33. DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project)
34. Democratic Alliance of Lawyers – Sudan
35. Democratic Monitor for Transparency and Rights
36. Democratic Thought Project (DTP)
37. Doctors Against Genocide
38. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR)
39. Emgage Action
40. Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace, and Security (GIWPS)
41. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (GCR2P)
42. Hawai’i Institute for Human Rights
43. Hraak to Change and Empower Youth
44. Human Rights Watch
45. Institute for Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention (I-GMAP), Binghamton University
46. International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI)
47. International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)
48. International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
49. International Peace Bureau (IPB)
50. International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
51. Journalists for Human Rights (JHR) – Sudan
52. Journal of Social Encounters
53. Justiça Global
54. Lawyers for Justice – Sudan
55. Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada
56. Mouvement contre le Racisme et pour l’Amitié entre les Peuples (MRAP)
57. National Network for Social Justice – Sudan
58. Network of Human Rights Defenders of Guinea-Bissau (Rede dos Defensores dos Direitos Humanos da Guiné-Bissau)
59. Network of the Independent Commission for Human Rights in North Africa (CIDH Africa)
60. New Lines Institute
61. New Sudanese Women Union
62. No Business With Genocide
63. NoirUnited International
64. PAEMA
65. Pax Christi International
66. Pax Christi New York State
67. PAX Netherlands
68. Peace Action
69. Peace and Development Foundation-Africa (PDF-Africa)
70. PEN International
71. Physicians for Human Rights (PHR)
72. Protection International Africa
73. Proximity 2 Humanity
74. Public-Private Integrity (PPI) – The Gambia
75. Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights
76. REDRESS
77. Regional Centre for Training and Development of Civil Society (RCDCS) – Sudan
78. Rencontre Africaine pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme (RADDHO)
79. Rights for Peace
80. Rights Realization Centre (مركز تفعيل الحقوق)
81. Salam Media Organisation
82. She Leads Movement
83. Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) Network
84. Sudanese Feminist Platform for Peace and Justice (SFPPJ)
85. Sudanese Organization for Justice and Human Rights
86. Sudan Human Rights Defenders Coalition (SudanDefenders)
87. Sudan Human Rights Hub (SHRH)
88. Sudan Rights Watch Network
89. Sudan Knowledge Centre
90. Sudan Transparency and Policy Tracker
91. Sudan Unlimited
92. Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy (TIMEP)
93. Voice of Victims News Paper
94. World Council of Churches
95. World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)
96. Youth Citizens Observers Network (YCON Sudan)

_______________________________

[1] Available at: https://docs.un.org/A/HRC/RES/57/2. The scope of the FFM’s mandate, as well as its reports, press relea­ses and statements, are available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffm-sudan/index

[2] “Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civilians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” 17 June 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/06/sudan-war-intensifying-devastating-consequences-civilians-un-fact-finding; “UN experts demand international action as human rights violations escalate in Sudan’s displacement camps,” 8 May 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/un-experts-demand-international-action-human-rights-violations-escalate (accessed on 10 July 2025). In July 2025, the conflict has further escalated, which resulted in dozens of civilian casualties (see “UN rights chief condemns recent killing of scores of civilians in Sudan,” 17 July 2025, https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/07/1165420).

[3] “A call to action for protection and accountability for the people of Sudan – Statement by Tom Fletcher, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, 12 June 2025,” available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/call-action-protection-and-accountability-people-sudan-statement-tom-fletcher-under-secretary-general-humanitarian-affairs-and-emergency-relief-coordinator-12-june-2025 (accessed on 9 July 2025).

[4] See Alex de Waal, “Sudan in danger of self-destructing as conflict and famine reign,” BBC, 17 June 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg717385nj7o (accessed on 9 July 2025).

[5] Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) Network, “Unseen and Unheard: The Plight of Missing Women and Girls Amidst Sudan’s Crisis,” https://sihanet.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Missing-Women-and-Girls-Amidst-Sudans-Crisis.pdf (accessed on 23 July 2025).

[6] In its first report to the Council, presented in September 2024, the FFM found that both the SAF and the RSF were res­pon­sible for “patterns of large-scale violations,” including war crimes, and that it had “reasonable grounds to believe” that, in addition, “acts committed by the RSF and its allied militias [amounted to] crimes against humanity” (“Sudan: UN Fact-Finding Mission outlines extensive human rights violations, international crimes, urges protection of civilians,” 6 September 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/09/sudan-un-fact-finding-mission-outlines-extensive-human-rights-violations (accessed on 9 July 2025).

See also civil society letters and documents, including DefendDefenders et al., “Sudan: the Human Rights Council should establish an independent mechanism,” 1 September 2023, https://defenddefenders.org/sudan-hrc-should-establish-mechanism/; DefendDefenders et al., “Sudan: Extend the Fact-Finding Mission’s mandate,” 17 May 2024, https://defenddefenders.org/sudan-extend-ffm-mandate/; Amnesty International, DefendDefenders and Human Rights Watch, “Q&A: Why should the mandate of the Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) for Sudan be extended at HRC57?” 27 August 2024, https://defenddefenders.org/qa-extend-ffm-sudan-hrc57/ (accessed on 10 July 2025).

In a briefing to the UN Security Council, on 10 July 2025, the Deputy Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) stated that “[…] on the basis of our independent investigations, the position of our Office is clear: We have reasonable grounds to believe that war crimes and crimes against humanity have been and are continuing to be committed in Darfur” (ICC, “Statement of Deputy Prosecutor Nazhat Shameem Khan to the United Nations Security Council on the Situation in Darfur, pursuant to Resolution 1593 (2005),” https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-deputy-prosecutor-nazhat-shameem-khan-united-nations-security-council-situation (accessed on 21 July 2025)).

[7] Some women’s rights organisations have documented hundreds of cases of sexual violence against women and girls in the form of rape, gang rape, sexual slavery and forced marriage (SIHA Network, “Statement by the Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA Network) on Sudan – (no. OBS/433),” 3 May 2025, https://sihanet.org/statement-by-the-strategic-initiative-for-women-in-the-horn-of-africa-siha-network-on-sudan-no-obs-433/ (accessed on 23 July 2025) (As of 23 July 2025, SIHA had documented over 480 cases. These crimes have targeted women across all ages, from six to 68 years old, with 25.4 % of these documented cases involving children.)

[8] “Oral update by the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan at the 59^th session of the Human Rights Council,” available on the HRC extranet. See also “Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civi­lians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” op. cit.

[9] Human Rights Watch, “Sudan: Armed Forces Airstrikes in South Darfur,” 4 June 2025, https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/06/04/sudan-armed-forces-airstrikes-south-darfur (accessed on 10 July 2025).

[10] “Sudan: Experts denounce systematic attacks on women and girls,” 14 May 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/sudan-experts-denounce-systematic-attacks-women-and-girls (accessed on 9 July 2025): “In some attacks, entire families have reportedly been torn apart, with women raped in front of relatives or abducted for prolonged sexual violence. ‘Sexual violence continues to be used systematically as a weapon of war in Sudan,’ [the experts] warned. The experts said that in villages such as Al Seriha, Azrag, Ruffa, and Abu Gelfa, women have taken their own lives following traumatic assaults, noting that survivors are increasingly and openly contemplating suicide as a means of escaping the ongoing horrors of the conflict. […] Victims are taken from displacement settings, markets, and shelters, amid a collapse of protection systems. […] The experts were also alarmed by continued attacks on women human rights defenders and frontline workers, who have reportedly been raped, killed, or harassed for assisting survivors or documenting abuses.”

See also Amnesty International, “Sudan: ‘They Raped All of Us’: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Sudan,” 9 April 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr54/9201/2025/en/ (accessed on 10 July 2025).

[11] “Sudan: Türk warns of catastrophic surge in violence,” 20 June 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/06/sudan-turk-warns-catastrophic-surge-violence; “Sudan: Alarm as civilians killed in attacks on mar­kets,” 13 December 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2024/12/sudan-alarm-civilians-killed-attacks-markets (accessed on 10 July 2025); “UN experts demand international action as human rights violations escalate in Sudan’s displacement camps,” op. cit.

See also UN News, “International Criminal Court: War crimes, systematic sexual violence ongoing in Darfur,” 10 July  2025, https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/07/1165367 (accessed on 21 July 2025)).

[12] “Sudan: Drone strikes must be investigated,” 4 June 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/06/sudan-drone-strikes-must-be-investigated; The Guardian, “Drone strikes hit Port Sudan airport and army base in third day of attacks,” 6 May 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/06/drone-strikes-hit-port-sudan-airport-army-base-third-day-attacks (accessed on 10 July 2025).

[13] In this regard, the FFM pointed to violations committed by both RSF and SAF, including, in areas recaptured by the SAF, such as Khartoum, Gezira, and Sennar, “widespread retaliatory violence between late 2024 and mid-2025” (“Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civilians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” op. cit.). See also “Horrors in Su­dan know no bounds, warns Türk, urging an end to the conflict,” 1 May 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/horrors-sudan-know-no-bounds-warns-turk-urging-end-conflict (accessed on 9 July 2025).

The High Commissioner also highlighted: “Our Office has also documented a disturbing rise in online hate speech and incitement to violence, with lists of individuals accused of collaborating with the RSF posted online” (“Sudan: UN Human Rights Chief appalled by widespread extrajudicial killings in Khartoum,” 3 April 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/04/sudan-un-human-rights-chief-appalled-widespread-extrajudicial-killings (accessed on 10 July 2025)).

Frequently, women who were forcibly disappeared by the RSF and found by SAF in recaptured areas have been accused of being “collaborators” with the RSF and have subsequently been detained and charged under the Sudanese Criminal Code of 1991 and the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001. Often, these women are from poorer socio-economic backgrounds and are targeted based on their ethnicity and place of residence (SIHA Network, “Statement by the Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA Network) on Sudan – (no. OBS/433),” op. cit.).

[14] In August 2024, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) adopted resolution Res.590 (LXXX) 2024, in which it decided to undertake a Joint Fact-Finding Mission with the AU Peace and Security Council. In November 2024, it adopted Res.609 (LXXXI) 2024, which renewed the Mission’s mandate for six months, requesting it to carry out its work in a hybrid format “comprising field missions and virtual investigations, depending on the resources provided [by the AU].” In May 2025, the ACHPR adopted Res.635 (LXXXIII) 2025, which extended the Mission’s mandate for an additional period of six months, “maintain[ing] the objective of carrying out a field mission in Sudan and neighboring countries.”

[15] See “Sudan war intensifying with devastating consequences for civilians, UN Fact-Finding Mission says,” op. cit.; Amnesty International, DefendDefenders and Human Rights Watch, “Q&A,” op. cit.

[16] See the FFM’s mandate (https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffm-sudan/index).

In resolution 57/2 (October 2024), the Human Rights Council encouraged the FFM to “give due regard to ensuring the complementarity of its efforts with those of other actors, including independent national accountability efforts and regio­nal investigations” (operative paragraph 16).

[17] Amnesty International, DefendDefenders and Human Rights Watch, “Q&A,” op. cit. (in particular, Sections 3 and 4).

[18] Current reporting by the High Commissioner ends at the Council’s 61^st session. Pursuant to operative paragraph 18 of resolution 57/2, the High Commissioner, with the assistance of his Expert on human rights in the Sudan, is requested to submit a “comprehensive report on the situation of human rights in the Sudan and on violations and abuses committed by all parties to the conflict […]” to the Council at its 61^st session. (As per paragraph 17 of resolution S-32/1, “the term of of­fi­ce for the designated Expert on Human Rights in the Sudan should conclude upon the restoration of its civilian-led Government”).